For patch clamp experiments involving excitotoxicity, how much pipette calcium should be used to be equivalent to an exitotoxic level? Higher than 1mM? I know the typical level is around 100nM but has a very dynamic range.
I can't help you with the lower limit, but an upper limit at which excitotoxicity would certainly occur is when cells are completely depolarized and their membranes become permeable to calcium. Then the intracellular concentration becomes similar to the extracellular calcium concentration (under physiological cicrumstances typically 1.5-2 mM, although this will drop when Ca++ flows into the cells). 1 mM intracellular Ca will almost certainly induce excitotoxic effects.
Apoptosis, necrosis and secondary necrosis are determined based on ATP levels by the cells. See my paper and references within.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292615481_Mitochondrial_oligomers_boost_glycolysis_in_cancer_stem_cells_to_facilitate_blebbishield-mediated_transformation_after_apoptosis
Article Mitochondrial oligomers boost glycolysis in cancer stem cell...
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