Are modern studies of the cryosphere effective in determining global climate change?

The cryosphere and the rate of decline in glacier area over the past 100 years and the presence and destruction of permafrost during that time were considered. A detailed description of the method for estimating the depth of ground freezing based on air temperature and snow thickness data was also given.

Experience in using this method to estimate the depth of ground freezing on mountain slopes for the purpose of mapping permafrost zones shows the significant effects of global warming on the Earth.

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has recognized the last eight years as the hottest since the start of meteorological observations. The global average temperature in 2022 will be about 1.15 degrees Celsius higher than in the pre-industrial period (1850- 1900). This means that every year since 2016 has been a record hot. WMO experts state that greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere have led to an increase in the level of the world ocean and the melting of ice, as a result of which extreme weather was recorded in various parts of the world. In Greenland, at an altitude of 3.2 thousand meters above sea level, it rained for the first time. Thus, since the main elements of the cryosphere in highmountain regions are frozen soils, underground ice and glaciers, it is precisely their state that is most sensitive to the current global and regional climatic fluctuations. According to Gorbunov and Ermolin (1981), the volume of ground ice in the Tien Shan is 320 km3 . Over the past sixty years, the volume of ground ice in relation to the volume of glaciers has decreased significantly. This trend continues in all mountainous regions of Central Asia. Such rates of thawing of mountain permafrost, in turn, can provoke the development of dangerous permafrost geological processes, the role of which is great in shaping the ecological situation in mountainous areas. The development of dangerous and often catastrophic cryogenic geological processes is promoted by the increased seismo-dynamic activity of the areas of high mountain permafrost. These factors must be taken into account both when drawing up projects for the economic development of these areas, and when carrying out measures to protect objects already built in the mountains.The climate in the Tien Shan mountains varies according to the altitude zonality from the climate of the sultry deserts at the foot of the mountains to the cold climate of the snowyicy highlands. The average July temperature in the valleys of the lower mountain tier is 20- 25°C, and on the tops of mountain ranges it drops to 0°C and below . The main part of the Tien Shan Mountains lies in the temperate zone, but the Fergan ridges (Southwestern Tien Shan) are on the difference with the subtropical, experiencing the influence of dry subtropics, especially in the lower altitude zones. In general, the climate is characterized by a sharp aridity, a significant duration of sunshine (2500 – 3000 hours / year). In most of the Tien Shan (especially in the highlands), the western transport of air masses prevails, which is overlaid by the local mountain-valley circulation. Great heights, complexity and dissection of the relief cause sharp contrasts in the distribution of heat and moisture. In the valleys of the lower belt of the mountains, the average temperature in July is 20-20°C, near the foothills