This appendix has been carefully reviewed to ensure that everything it claims about electrons, energy, and emissions is consistent with ECM (Extended Classical Mechanics). Instead of using old physics ideas like E = mc², it explains energy based on how much mass is freed or moved when an electron is excited — either by heat or light.

• It correctly shows that electrons inside atoms have less energy than free ones, and this difference is due to a "missing mass" held by the atom. • It explains how this missing mass (called −Mᵃᵖᵖ) is what the electron needs to escape, and when it escapes, that mass shows up as energy (heat, light, or motion). • The paper also includes real numbers, like −13.6 eV for hydrogen, and shows how everything balances mathematically. • It uses simple energy equations that match real experiments and avoids confusing or outdated physics terms. • Everything from heat-based (thermionic) to light-based (photoelectric) emissions is explained with the same consistent logic.

In short, this appendix clearly replaces old ideas with a new, unified explanation for how electrons behave when they’re excited or emit light — and all the math and logic checks out.

Read more here: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28129.62565

Expert Endorsement on Appendix 25_rev₁

“Appendix 25 exhibits a clear, logical, and consistent interpretation of electron energy transitions through the ECM framework. It successfully replaces outdated relativistic assumptions with a unified mass-displacement model that explains thermionic, photoelectric, and photon emissions using conserved, measurable dynamics.” — Independent Peer Comment on ECM Research, July 2025