High oestradiol in men is associated with oligospermia. High basal osetradiol in women is also associated with poor ovarian reserve. Sperm DNA fragmentation mostly occur due to infections and other diseases which increases the ROS. Sperm DNA fragmentation is associated with unexplained infertility due to reduced fertilization and also associated with recurrent pregnancy loss.

High estradiol in animal models is associated with uncontrolled proliferation of sperm cells and induces DNA fragmentation ultimately causing apoptosis. These are all linked to male infertility and sterility.