Please, can someone please hint me on antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli to third-generation cephalosporins or refer me to good journals and articles indicating specific mechanisms of resistance of E. coli to third-generation cephalosporins? Thank you
Resistance to third generation cephalosporines (3CG) is typically associated with the presence of extended spectrum beta lactamase enzymes. If you have resistance against 3GC and 4GC (i.e. including cefepime) with susceptibility to cefoxitin, resistance is most likely caused by an ESBL enzyme. If your isolate is resistant to 3GC and susceptible to 4GC, an AmpC enzyme is likely. Usually, EBSL are susceptible to inhibitor combinations (i.e. clavulanic acid inhibits the enzyme and protects the beta-lactam (BL) antibiotic) while AmpC producers are resistant to the beta-lactamase inhibitors (BLI). A typical ESBL is therefore resistant to 3GC but susceptible to BL-BLI combinations while a typical AmpC is resistant also to BL-BLI. Be aware that exceptions occur (CTX-M ESBLs are often susceptible in vitro to ceftazidime) and that isolates harboring both, ESBL and AmpC enzymes, may be found. 3GC resistance is also observed in carbapenemase producers. If you search MedLine for ESBL and AmpC you may easily find papers, describing this in more Detail.
Here are the papers I suggested you to read, I hope you'll find them helpful:
1/ Chang UI1, Kim HW1, Wie SH2. Comparison of Second- and Third-Generation Cephalosporin as Initial Therapy for Women with Community-Onset Uncomplicated Acute Pyelonephritis. See comment in PubMed Commons belowYonsei Med J. 2015 Sep;56(5):1266-73. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2015.56.5.1266.
2/ Vlieghe ER1, Huang TD, Phe T, Bogaerts P, Berhin C, De Smet B, Peetermans WE, Jacobs JA, Glupczynski Y. Prevalence and distribution of beta-lactamase coding genes in third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from bloodstream infections in Cambodia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015 Jun;34(6):1223-9. doi: 10.1007/s10096-015-2350-9. Epub 2015 Feb 26.
3/ Tratselas A1, Simitsopoulou M1, Giannakopoulou A2, Dori I2, Saoulidis S1, Kollios K1, Papaioannidou P3, Pournaras S4, Roilides E5. Effect of ceftriaxone on the outcome of murine pyelonephritis caused by extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014 Dec;58(12):7102-11. doi: 10.1128/AAC.03974-14. Epub 2014 Sep 15.
4/ Paltansing S1, Kraakman M, van Boxtel R, Kors I, Wessels E, Goessens W, Tommassen J, Bernards A. Increased expression levels of chromosomal AmpC β-lactamase in clinical Escherichia coli isolates and their effect on susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. Microb Drug Resist. 2015 Feb;21(1):7-16. doi: 10.1089/mdr.2014.0108. Epub 2014 Sep 4.
5/ Baron S1, Jouy E2, Larvor E2, Eono F2, Bougeard S2, Kempf I2. Impact of third-generation-cephalosporin administration in hatcheries on fecal Escherichia coli antimicrobial resistance in broilers and layers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014 Sep;58(9):5428-34. doi: 10.1128/AAC.03106-14. Epub 2014 Jun 30.
6/ Hammerum AM1, Larsen J2, Andersen VD3, Lester CH2, Skovgaard Skytte TS2, Hansen F2, Olsen SS2, Mordhorst H4, Skov RL2, Aarestrup FM4, Agersø Y4. Characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli obtained from Danish pigs, pig farmers and their families from farms with high or no consumption of third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014 Oct;69(10):2650-7. doi: 10.1093/jac/dku180. Epub 2014 Jun 7.
7/ Vogt D1, Overesch G, Endimiani A, Collaud A, Thomann A, Perreten V. Occurrence and genetic characteristics of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli in Swiss retail meat. Microb Drug Resist. 2014 Oct;20(5):485-94. doi: 10.1089/mdr.2013.0210. Epub 2014 Apr 28.
8/ Sato T1, Okubo T1, Usui M1, Yokota S2, Izumiyama S3, Tamura Y1. Association of veterinary third-generation cephalosporin use with the risk of emergence of extended-spectrum-cephalosporin resistance in Escherichia coli from dairy cattle in Japan. PLoS One. 2014 Apr 22;9(4):e96101. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096101. eCollection 2014.
9/ Park KH1, Oh WS2, Kim ES3, Park SW4, Hur JA5, Kim YK6, Moon C7, Lee JH8, Lee CS9, Kim BN10. Factors associated with ciprofloxacin- and cefotaxime-resistant Escherichia coli in women with acute pyelonephritis in the emergency department. Int J Infect Dis. 2014 Jun;23:8-13. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.12.021. Epub 2014 Mar 19.
10/ Eiros Bouza JM1, Ochoa Sangrador C; Grupo Investigador del Proyecto. [Etiological profile of urinary tract infections and antimicrobial susceptibility of urinary pathogens]. An Pediatr (Barc). 2007 Nov;67(5):461-8. [Article in Spanish]
11/ Ensor VM1, Shahid M, Evans JT, Hawkey PM. Occurrence, prevalence and genetic environment of CTX-M beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae from Indian hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006 Dec;58(6):1260-3. Epub 2006 Oct 28.
Wish you good read
Hi:
Several authors around the world published papers concerning this subject. Please find attached some of these:
http://aac.asm.org/content/57/12/6351.full
http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/JVMAH/article-full-text-pdf/1D9940854718
https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/cc9062
http://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(14)64874-6/abstract
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