For usutuvirus there is a greater risk in North America by the vectors, however the spread could happen from North America to South America (in the opposite way that Chik and Zika)

Luis Gadelha

Si puede ocurrir, siempre y cuando exista en las ciudades el mosquito haemagogus transmisor y un paciente llegue infectado a la ciudad.

Yes, it can happen, as long as if there are mosquitoes haemagopgus in the cities and a patient arrives infected in the city. Similary to Chikungunya and Zika.

Jorge Luis Sarmiento Thank you for the answer and contribuition,

We have seen some cases of Mayaro in some regions, but not a big outbreak yet.

Best regards,

Luis Gadelha

Esto puede ir relacionado con la migración MASIVA ya que pueden venir infectados de otros países, últimamente hemos vistos patologías que ya no se veían cerca de 15 AÑOS: SARAMPIÓN, RUBEOLA, PAPERAS. TOSFERINA, TUBERCULOSIS ASOCIADOS A DESNUTRICIÓN y ESQUEMAS VACUNALES INCOMPLETOS en País de origen. lo peor es que infectan a menores de 6 meses del país receptor de la migración, además que algunos llegan con VIH. siendo una mayor carga económica para el país donde llegan.

This can be related to the MASSIVE migration since they can come infected from other countries, lately we have seen pathologies that were no longer seen near 15 YEARS: MEASLES, RUBEOLA, MUMPS. TOSFERIN, TUBERCULOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH MALNUTRITION and INCOMPLETE VACCINATION SCHEMES in Country of origin. The worst is that they infect children under 6 months of age in the country receiving the migration, in addition, some arrive with HIV. being a greater economic burden for the country where they arrive.

Lo veo poco probable, he visto como algunas investigaciones de competencia logran delimitar la baja capacidad de Aedes aegypti para transmitir este Alfavirus. Quizas en zonas rurales pueda originar pequeños brotes, pero por la bionomía de los vectores más probables como Aedes scapularis, veo muy limitada la transmisión. Quizas el virus que puede ser importante en algunas zonas, es la encefalitis equina venezolana, o la encefalitis equina del este (Madariaga) que tienen mucha actividad en Colombia y en otros paises de Suramerica, estaríamos hablando de un virus re-emergente. De los emergentes, podría ser aquellos donde Ae. aegypti es muy competente: Usutu? Barmah Forest?

Hola Richard Hoyos

Tuvimos en mente, la Encefalitis Equina Venezolana, pero no queríamos ser etiquetados de xenofobia, sonríe, en Ciencias, las Enfermedades en su transmisión no conocen nacionalidades, solo es necesario que se cumpla la cadena epidemiologica con: Virus, Vectores, Población Susceptible, etc. Lo que si es real: las migraciones desordenadas traen Epidemias consigo, según un reporte de Harvard. Parece que todo estar relacionado a hacer Cuarentena de los casos, Control de Vectores y Vacunar a los equinos.Éxitos en sus trabajos a todos.

Article Mayaro y Usutu, ¿en espera de ser pandemias?

Luis del Carpio-Orantes, un gusto ver tu contribución.

El problema es que todos esos insectos están en las Américas: Aedes, Culex, Haemagogus, etc. Hay la Población susceptible, solo hace falta el Humano Infectado y no hay vacunas, como por lo menos se tiene para la Fiebre Amarilla. Así que debe darse aviso a todos los países desde Norte, Centro y Suramerica este potencial peligro.

Luis Del Carpio-Orantes

Dear colleague,

I am very glad about your answer. Would you share more articles about Usutu virus? I am curious about the clinical presentation em similarities to other virus.

Best regards,

Mis estimados amigos, México tiene el deshonroso lugar donde mayaro ha tenido sus dos defunciones, típicamente es una arbovirosis muy parecida a Chik, sin embargo en México hay una huella serológica que ha condicionado dos casos mortales (uno en Veracruz donde radica un servidor, y otra en un estado vecino que es tamaulipas), les dejo la referencia.

http://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/imss/im-2006/im064i.pdf

Luís Arthur Brasil Gadelha Farias

For usutuvirus there is a greater risk in North America by the vectors, however the spread could happen from North America to South America (in the opposite way that Chik and Zika)

I leave you some references

Pecorari M, Longo G, Gerinari W, et al. First human cases of Usutu virus neuroinvasive infection, Italy, August-September 2009. Euro Surveill 2009; 14(50):pii:19446

Paniz-Mondolfi AE, Villamil-Gómez WE, Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Usutu virus infection inLatin America: a new emerging threat, Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease (2016),doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.08.004.

Nikolay, B., Diallo, M., Bouh Boye, CS, et-al. Usutu Virus in Africa. Vector-Borne andzoonotic disease. 2011, Vol. 11 (11) 1417-1423

Article Increase in human West Nile and Usutu virus infections, Austria, 2018

Article North American Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefasciatus are ...

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040139v1.full

Article Expanding Usutu virus circulation in Italy: detection in the...

Thank you very much, the articles are really usefull

For usutuvirus there is a greater risk in North America by the vectors, however the spread could happen from North America to South America (in the opposite way that Chik and Zika)

Dear M. A. A. Al- Fatlawi ,

Thank you for the contribution, I didnt know about usutuvirus. I didnt find any resources about this virus in brazil (case reports, outbreaks). If you have any article about the clinical and estructural aspects related to usutuvirus please share, It would be also usefull

Best regards,

Yes.. I think possible.. show this :

Article Impact of environmental factors on neglected emerging arbovi...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-25236-8

Dear Thiago Pereira,

Thank you for the valuable answer. I Will check these articles.

Many thanks,

Interesting question, but I don't believe that Mayaro would be a public health threat as CHIKV. At this moment, there maybe exist some degree of cross-protection immunity among CHIK and MAYV, and this may reduce the effective susceptible population in the Americas. However, other alphaviruses like Venezuelan equine encephalitis and Madariaga virus have the potential to become in the next epidemic arboviruses, single mutations and changes in the epidemiological profile have been already observed in Central and South America. But, in the end, no-one can predict the outcome.

The degree of protection (and endemic transmission) of MAYV is unknown in many parts of South America. As JPaul says, cross protection in urban places where cases of CHIK has already occurred can reduce this risk, however in Amazonian populations where MAYV is more prevalent, this is not necessarily the case. The other point is the susceptibility and vectorial competence of Aedes aegypti for MAYV, Long et al 2011 says ..... "Oral susceptibility of Ae. aegypti to MAYV at titers encountered in viremic humans may limit opportunities to initiate an urban cycle; however, transmission of MAYV by Ae. aegypti shows the vector competence of this species and suggests potential for urban transmission"

(point against and point in favor of a transmission via Aedes aegypti in urban areas)

Finally, I think there is very little we really know about the MAYV cycle, Haemagogus, Sabethes may have been involved but there seem to be other genera and species (maybe minor?) And about the possible hosts less, there is a lot of evidence where it seems have a variety of susceptible animeles.

As with Zika, we could scatter Mayaro surprises.

doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0359

doi: 10.1590/S0120-41572012000300017

doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.11.001

doi: 10.3201/eid2110.141660

Chapter Alphaviruses in Latin America and the Introduction of Chikun...

Saludos,

JC

We recently had some suspected Mayaro cases in Rio de Janeiro. Patients with negative serology for CHIKV and similar symptoms. Nothing has been published yet, but some Brazilian news is reporting. In portuguese:

https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2019/05/16/pesquisadores-da-ufrj-anunciar-que-descobriram-virus-mayaro-no-estado-rio.ghtml

https://noticias.r7.com/saude/ufrj-detecta-virus-mayaro-primo-do-chikungunya-no-rio-de-janeiro-17052019

http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/saude/noticia/2019-05/pesquisadores-querem-saber-se-virus-mayaro-esta-em-circulacao-no-rio

Juan-Carlos Navarro I totally agree. Zika virus was a surprise in terms of public health. I believe Mayaro could be a new unexpected outbreak in Brazil. But in fact, it is very difficult to predict next arboviruses outbreaks in latin america.

Best regards, thank you for your contribuition

speaking of vectors, vectorial competition and others, it is currently a mistake to say that only aedes is the main one of arboviruses like dengue, zika, and from the perspective of mayaro, haemagogus the main one however any mosquito of the culicidae family could be potential vector

https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/infectologia/lip-2017/lip171c.pdf

Article Zika and its vector mosquitoes in Mexico

Zulma M. Cucunubá

http://fundacionio.org/viajar/img/enfermedades/virus%20mayaro%20distribucion%20mundial.jpg

Luis Del Carpio-Orantes It's coming.

We should not forget that the large mayority of Mayaro cases are mild diseases so far (though the virus may revert to strains with a higher virulence).

Luís Arthur Brasil Gadelha Farias

And recently had some Mayaro cases in São Paulo .

Currently, 2019-nCoV is an issue - the virus will certainly also reach Brazil.