Bir hızın tanımlı olabilmesi için cismin de tanımlı olması gerekir. Sanal fotonlar gerçek fotonlar değil. Hiçbir zaman saf fotonun gösterdiği özelliğini göstermezler. Heisenberg ve lorentz ilkeleri bir saf fotonun özelliğini belirtmek için kullanılamaz. Saf bir fotonun özelliğini belirtmek için en iyi deney compton saçılma deneyidir. (Fotoelektrik olay). Bu olayda bile bir elektron kullanıldığı için saf fotonun yani gerçek fotonun özelliği tam olarak belirlenememiştir.

Because if they did, they wouldn't be virtual. ``Virtual'' photons (or any particles, for that matter) is simply a way of expressing the fact that they don't satisfy the mass shell condition, q2=0, where qμ is the energy-momentum 4-vector of the photon. ``Virtual'' photons don't have a well-defined value for q2, it can take all possible values, consistent with the uncertainty principle.

The mathematical description is consistent, the wording is, simply, an approximation.

Another way of saying the same thing:

In the absence of quantum fluctuations, photons are real, massless, particles, with two polarizations. This is expressed by the property of the strict conservation of the current of electrically charged particles, that couple to the photons (that's what ``electrically charged'' means): dμJμ=0.

In the presence of quantum fluctuations, the conservation of the current holds within expectation values:

= 0

and

= 0

for any string of operators and any state |Ψ>.

The current however fluctuates and these fluctuations can be measured.

Photon shot noise can be measured: Cf.

https://camera.hamamatsu.com/jp/en/learn/technical_information/thechnical_guide/photon_shot_noise.html

Also:

https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2727688/view

Stam Nicolis So, virtual photons are not physical according Feynman diagrams. Thus, physics is based on a non-physical process? IMO, that makes things even worse and highlights the level of our ignorance. Maybe, alternatively using Wick's theorem to do the calculations offers a more physical interpretation?

Virtual photons aren't ``physical'' particles, since they aren't particles with a well-defined mass This doesn't mean that the processes that implicate them aren't physical, it just means that it is impossible to state what the mass of a ``virtual'' particle is.

Wick's theorem is, simply, a way of describing how they are taken into account-whether they're virtual, or not.

In the presence of quantum fluctuations one must sum over states that do NOT satisfy the classical equations of motion. This doesn't mean that they can be anything, however and what they are is well-defined. Virtual photons are particles that have q2≠0. So one integrates over all values of q2, taking into account, however, how energy and momentum are conserved for particles that can appear in the initial and final states of any process and, therefore must be on the mass-shell.

``Virtual'' particles are, simply, a book-keeping device and nothing more. What matters are the Feynman rules, that allow the calculation of transition probabilities from any initial state to any final state. What matters is that the initial and final states both describe physical particles, particles that are on their mass-shell.

Virtual (matter-antimatter pair) particles are “virtual” only because of their momentary existence and because of the fact that they do not follow the conservation laws manufactured (in thought) by theology and official theoretical physics and cosmology. Otherwise, they are very real indeed and the only source and sink of all matter and motion in this infinite, eternal and ever-changing universe! “New Physics – The Negation of Einstein’s Theories of Relativity”. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS, 22, 54–61. https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v22i.9594

"Ex nihilo nihil fit“? Are You Certain Mr. Einstein and Mr. Heisenberg?: https://www.researchgate.net/post/Ex_nihilo_nihil_fit_Are_You_Certain_Mr_Einstein_and_Mr_Heisenberg2

(Please note; Active links to the articles cited below are available from this link)

[Is the Uncertainty Principle just a measurement problem or a fundamental aspect of the sub-structure of objective reality? These are both scientific and philosophical questions brought to focus through some recent publications:

Scientific: "Are you certain Mr. Heisenberg"? https://phys.org/news/2012-01-heisenberg-deepen-quantum-uncertainty.html

Article Experimental demonstration of a universally valid error-dist...

https://www.nature.com/articles/nphys2194

Article Real/Virtual Exchange of Quantum Particles as a Basis for th...

Philosophical: The quantum vacuum, the "virtual particles" and their transformation to "real particles" may be understood in terms of the "Being-Nothing-Becoming" of Hegel's ontological triad :

Article The Philosophy of Space-Time: Whence Cometh "Matter" and "Motion"?

https://www.amazon.ca/Philosophy-Space-Time-Whence-Cometh-Matter/dp/984041884X

https://www.amazon.ca/Dialectical-Universe-Reflections-Cosmology-2012-02-15/dp/B01FGO0M5M

Dialectics Not Metaphysics of Nature: : https://www.amazon.ca/DIALECTICS-NOT-METAPHYSICS-NATURE-QUANTUM-ebook/dp/B0BF5W9Q1N

The conservation laws (of energy/mass) in physics and thermodynamics, including "Ex nihilo nihil fit" of philosophy are assumed a priori truths, but these are only valid at macroscopic scale. Nature at quantum level is fundamentally uncertain – it is not a statistical aberration – but a fact and a phenomena ascertained by Quantum Electro Dynamics (QED). The law of the conservation of mass/energy of thermodynamics and physics breaks down at quantum level and creation “ex nihilo” is practically feasible!

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/something-from-nothing-vacuum-can-yield-flashes-of-light/

https://www.accessscience.com/content/electron-positron-pair-production-and-annihilation/224710

The quantum vacuum is full of "virtual particle/antiparticle pairs" that continuously pop in and out of existence and their effect on the spectral lines of atoms known as the "Lamb Shift" and the Lande factor of magnetic moment of electrons that relies on the concept of virtual particles can be very accurately measured. This effect can also be measured as the Casimir force with much less efficiency. The permittivity and the permeability of the classical vacuum can be attributed to collective effect of the momentary existence of infinite number of virtual particles of the quantum vacuum

The "virtual particles" can become "real particles" if sufficient energy equivalent to compensate for their mass is available. There is also a finite probability that a "virtual particle" can become "real" (even without sufficient energy for mass equivalence) through a phenomena known as "quantum tunnelling". In fact it is possible that this spontaneous creation (ex nihilo) of fundamental particles from the quantum vacuum (and not through the Big Bang) is how the galaxies (along with all other things) evolve, “come into being and pass out of existence” and maintained throughout this infinite and eternal universe as asserted by dialectics:

Article Ambartsumian, Arp and the Breeding Galaxies*

Article The Cosmic Gamma-Ray Halo - New Imperative for a Dialectical...

It has been made abundantly clear in these publications that the uncertainty principle is not just a simple measurement or statistical problem as is commonly assumed. Uncertainty and the breakdown of the conservation laws at the substructure of quantum level is a fundamental aspect of objective reality. At macroscopic (human) scale the objective reality is just a gross, averaged-out, summed-up and apparently stable superstructure of micro-level quantum uncertainty. Physics needs a revolutionary change of its epistemology - from traditional causality to dialectical materialism; to deal with this new revolutionary aspect of objective reality!]

Manifesto of Quantum Dialectics Demanding Change and A Point of Departure for Theoretical Physics and Cosmology.

Abdul Malek

Montréal, Canada

Centuries Long Follies of Official Physics – Alienation by Newtonian-Einstein Abject Theology and Kantian Meaningless Medieval-type Scholasticism; Serfdom of Moribund Monopoly Capitalism, Lured by the Promise of Fame, Fortune and Funds.

1. Space and time are abstract/thought entities, which have no quality of any kind; but as Engels ridiculed the “physicists”, they want “to see time and smell space”!

2. The so-called “spacetime” 3D manifold, the gamma factor, time transform or Lorentz Transforms (LTs) in general are brain-cooked and fantastic creations, which have no basis in objective reality:

3. The theology and mythology a finite “Big Bang” created universe by God, and cosmological Big/Dark/Black Monsters are simply based on just two axiomatic/geometrical “absolute truths”; namely “the universal gravitational attraction” of Newton and “the absolute and invariable constancy of the speed of light”; both of which are false and have absolutely no basis in objective reality: “KEPLER -NEWTON -LEIBNIZ -HEGEL Portentous and Conflicting Legacies in Theoretical Physics, Cosmology and in Ruling Ideas”: https://www.rajpub.com/index.php/jap/article/view/9106

“The Mystery of the Lorentz Transform: A Reconstruction and Its Implications for Einstein's Theories of Relativity and cosmology”: INSPIRE>HEP: https://inspirehep.net/literature/2158754

“What is Light, Really? A Quantum Dialectical View”. Semantic scholar: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/What-is-Light%2C-Really-A-Quantum-Dialectical-View-Abdul/9652dee62901f5ab9289cb4498f10fd01869181b

4. This physics and cosmology like medieval theology; have absolutely no clue about “The Infinite”; hence they want to “retire” this word from scientific vocabulary: The Limits of Mathematics/The Infinite: http://www.e-journal.org.uk/shape/papers/Special%2064.pdf

5. Their conservation laws and rock-solid foundation of their edifice, namely the energy momentum relation is fakery; based on the brain-cooked gamma factor 1/(sqrt (1 – v^2/c^2))

It is derived from Einstein’s (1905) false (Energy) E*= gamma x mc^2

And Planck’s (1906) false (Momentum) P = Gamma x mv

Eliminating v^2/c^2 from the above two equation gives total energy: E^2 = (pc)^2 + (mc^2)^2.

This relation includes unphysical notions of length contraction, time dilation and velocity dependent mass; none of which have any scientific validity

“New Physics – The Negation of Einstein’s Theories of Relativity”. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS, 22, 54–61. https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v22i.9594

“New Physics II – Quantum-Dialectical Derivation of New Mass-Energy Relation Invalidates Einstein’s Famous Equation E = mc^2” : https://rajpub.com/index.php/jap/article/view/9642

So, this whole edifice of theoretical physics and cosmology from Newton to Einstein to the present in nothing but mythology, masquerading as “scientific”!

6. Length contraction, also known as Lorentz contraction or Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction, relativistic time dilation and mass increase ad nauseum concepts are fantastic without any reality. Space and time are abstract entities without any physical attributes, so their can be no standard to measure so-called “length contraction”, “time dilation” etc. The “physicists” measure time with human made clocks and suffer from the illusion than “abstract time” and “clock time” are equivalent. “Abstract time” is invariable, but the “clock time” which is a physical measurement and depends on the physical conditions in which this measurement is made! “The Philosophy of Space-Time: Whence Cometh "Matter" and "Motion"? https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328359746_The_Philosophy_of_Space-Time_Whence_Cometh_Matter_and_Motion

7. All the modern claims of “proofs” of the esoteric physics and cosmology are falsity, fraud, deception etc., since Arthur Eddington’s blatantly false claim of “proving” General Relativity (GR) from the bending of the starlight by the sun.

This manifesto dares to challenge ANY physicist including the participating Nobel Laureates in ResearchGate; to scientifically (not through scholastic debate) refute the claims made above. Scientists of the world unite, reject this Newtonian-Einsteinian mythology (masquerading as science” and heed to the clarion call of the Bengali poet Tagore and German Goethe

Oh, the fresh, the raw, the breaking-light

Save the half-dead with thy fatal strike!

And the German Goethe: Alles was entsteht, Ist wert, daß es zugrunde geht! All that exist deserves to perish. The words of Mephistopheles in “Faust”.

But this demand reflecting noble human spirit is new only in form but NOT in essence. In modern history it started with the Copernican revolution and is continuing in discrete leaps through the French revolution and the Paris Commune, the Bolshevik revolution, the Quantum revolution and the vibrant revolutionary liberation movements around the world; particularly the present Middle East, against monstrous monopoly capitalism. This indomitable and noble spirit of man is represented by the 5thSymphony of Beethoven: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jv2WJMVPQi8