Why we can not observe QHE or QAHE in bulk samples? what is the restriction? and why we do not have this effect at high temperatures? how these effect can be utilized at low temperatures?
The magnetic field exerts a force which carries the carriers to the edge of the sample. At very high temperature the magnetic energy can be not enough for fixing trajectories till the edge and to keep them stable.
QHE is explained in some details literatures. For example read the article
"Room-Temperature Quantum Hall Effect in Graphene"
K. S. Novoselov1, Z. Jiang2,3, Y. Zhang2, S. V. Morozov1, H. L. Stormer2, U. Zeitler4, J. C. Maan4, G. S. Boebinger3, P. Kim2,*, A. K. Geim1,*
published in
Science 09 Mar 2007:
Vol. 315, Issue 5817, pp. 1379
DOI: 10.1126/science.1137201
Dear Omar,
Quantum Hall Effect (QHE) is quite special in graphene, in fact has a kind of relativistic analogy with the QHE. In my short previous answer I just tried to respond the questions better to explain this effect so important in all the topological materials.
For reading references on this subject a good guide is to start with the references within
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Hall_effect
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_anomalous_Hall_effect
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