The fact that elementary fermions bind into modules, makes them elementary modules. In contrast, elementary bosons do not bind into modules. Still, both elementary particle types feature mass and may feature electric charge.
A private stochastic process that owns a characteristic function, generates the hop landing locations of the elementary particles. The characteristic function acts as a displacement generator for the produced hop landing location swarm. Consequently, the swarm moves coherently as a single unit.
Also, the footprint of a module is generated by a private stochastic process that owns a characteristic function, which acts as a displacement generator that makes the module coherently move as a single unit. This can be comprehended when the characteristic function of the module equals the superposition of the characteristic functions of its constituents. The superposition coefficients relate to the internal positions of the components.
If elementary fermions can constitute modules, and elementary bosons do not bind into modules, then the conclusion is that the characteristic functions of elementary bosons cannot superpose into the characteristic function of a module. For bosons, gravitational binding and electrical binding is not enough.
@Behnam,
The model mostly applies the name modules for elementary modules and conglomerates of elementary modules. It nowhere speaks of molecules. At some places, the HBM speaks about atomic modules and in that case atoms are meant. The binding of the components is mostly implemented by spectral binding. This means that the stochastic process which generates the footprint of the module owns a characteristic function, which equals the superposition of the characteristic functions of the processes that generate the hop landing locations of the components of the module. The characteristic functions act as displacement generators and are Fourier transforms of the location density distributions of the generated hop landing location swarms. Gravity and attractive electric charges add additional binding, but the spectral binding implements the major binding effect.
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Hilbert_Book_Model_Project
One of the features of "hypotron theory" (HT) is the capability of characterizing particles as "bosons" and "femions" without any notions of QM or QFT (permutation symmetry etc.).
Another feature of "hypotron theory" is the capability of identifying the electron and the proton and the neutrino (and two other particles with charge 2 and 3, not yet discovered) as the ONLY particles which are STABLE and which are fermions AND which can be dressed by zero-charge bosons and by so-called "hypotron-dipoles" in such a way that the particles mentioned have VANISHING SUPERCHARGE. Supercharge is a non-additive quantity which is similar but different to (electric) charge, and represents the key ingredient of HT.
In HT an atom is considered as an object which consists of a system of stable fermions which includes at least one charged stable fermion. In a cluster of particles which consists of zero-charge bosons (photons) only or neutrinos and anti-neutrinos only, there are no particle-like charged "impurities" which can act as a kind of "attractor" which causes some stability of the cluster. In HT stable matter consists only of atoms which are made up by the stable particles mentioned above.
Another interesting feature of HT is that it predicts the existence of a boson with charge 3, which is called "tripolon", and which I expect to be involved with the notion of mass of a particle.
The propertiy of a particle to be "bosonic" or "fermionic" is specified in ch.14 of the working paper:
https://www.researchgate.net/project/Hypotron-Theory
"Bosonic" or "fermionic" refers to symmetry properties of the configuration of the "core" of any particle which is principally assumed to consist of 6 hypotrons. Hypotrons are assumed to be the most fundamental charged objects having charge -2/3,-1/3,+1/3,+2/3 (similar but different to the quark model of hadrons).
It should be noted that HT, in it's present level of develoment, allows for classifying particles and identifying particle families just by considerations concerning CHARGE and SUPERCHARGE - without any specific notions of "space" and "time". Therfore, one might argue that there exist features of "matter" which are quite independent from the features of "space" and "time". Hence, for this part of the 'secrets of matter' there is no need for space-time involved physical theories such as any traditional QM or traditional QFT or variants thereof.
@ Behnam Farid
Indeed, HT is a "creation" of mine.
HT can be considered as an extension of the idea of the quark model for hadrons. There are similar models where the fundamental objects are called "pre-quarks" or "preons" or have any other fantasy names. HT is able to predict features of clusters of "hypotrons" which allow to setup classification schemes for such clusters in a way, which is unknown in traditional particle physics, but offers many similarities to what physicists believe to be "true" in particle physics.
The notion of "supercharge" (see ch.4 of working paper) seems to be strange only at first sight, but can be understand as a 'natural' non-linear extension of the notion of charge. By means of a minimum principle concerning supercharge of a cluster of hypotrons it can be shown by very simple calculations that nuclei with minium supercharge are located in the "valley of stable nuclei", provided neutrons are replaced by anti-neutrons (see ch.22 of working paper). This indicates that supercharge might be the key to understand stability and decay of nuclei as well as to understand the stability of particles.
The working paper of HT is pulished in www.kreuzer-dsr.de, see the links embedded in
http://kreuzer-dsr.de/kdsr/bulletin/KDSR_HypotronTheory_Flyer.pdf
The meaning of the words "photon", "electron", etc. must be understood in the context of HT. A better way would be to denote these objects in a first step as "hypo-photon", "hypo-electron", etc., as it is done in the case of the "hypo-quarks", and then, in a second step, to emphasize that it is the "hypo-photon", "hypo-electron", etc. which are assumed to represent a "photon", "electron", etc.
However, this is rather cumbersome.
@ Behnam Farid
The propertiy of a particle to be "bosonic" or "fermionic" is specified in ch.14 of the working paper. Symmetry properties of the hypotron configuration of a particle core, i.e. the numbers of pos. low/high-hypotrons and neg. low/high-hypotrons, are used.
@ Behnam Farid
By the way:
Because in HT
(1) the neutron is considered as a compound object
[proton]+[electron]+[anti-neutrino]
and (2)
nuclei are assumed to contain basically anti-neutrons
[anti-proton]+[positron]+[neutrino]
I expect that such nuclei would influence the energy levels of electrons in semiconductors as well as in conductors.
This might open a new way of understanding the origin of superconductivity.
Furthermore, it can be expected that the origin of nuclear decay can be understood as a consequence of a particle reaction inside the nucleus
[anti-neutron]+[neutrino] -> [neutron]+[anti-neutrino]
which is followed by an ejection of the neutron and anti-neutrino from the nucleus in order to achieve again a minimum value of supercharge. In this reaction the neutrino is one of the billions of neutrinos which are coming from the sun and arrive each second here on earth.
@ Behnam Farid
"HC" is the abbreviation of Hypotron Cluster.
The notion of "symmetric HC" is specified in ch.5 section 5.3.
"HSC" is the abbreviation of Hypotron Sextet Cluster (see ch.6 section 6.4).
It can be shown that there exist 30 types of HSCs which have integer charge Q.
These types are called "HSC-classes" (in German: "HSC-Klassen", will be corrected).
Furthermore, it can be shown that for each HSC-class the supercharge has an integer value too !!!
The list of HSC-classes H_1,...,H_30 is contained in ch.6 section 6.4.
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