Kindly someone suggest me the best replacement of gold in terms of electrical and thermal conductivity.
Dear Mujahid Muhammad,
could you, please, specify: what is, about, the application(s') field, for the gold (or silver) replacement, as a useful candidate material, in terms of electrical and thermal conductivity ?
The most conductive are metals whose valence band is not fully filled, namely with one electron in the outer orbit. They require a minimal violation (external electric field), necessary for the movement of electrons to higher sublevels, that is, for the emergence of electric current. The highest conductivity is, of course, gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al).
Copper is one of the best and the most used conductors (p = 0.017 ... 0.018 μΩ; smaller values of p only in silver – 0.016 μΩ). Impurities strongly reduce the electrical conductivity of copper, therefore their content is limited usually to 0,05 % and up to 6,1 %. The main disadvantages of copper – a relatively low mechanical strength, the inability to use when heated more than 100 ... 200 0C due to reduced hardness and strength, as well as high cost. Therefore, for the manufacture of stronger conductors and conductive parts (sometimes working with heating over 100 ... 200 0C), alloys based on copper are used: bronze and brass. As conductive materials used tin, beryllium, cadmium bronze (copper alloys with the named components). Bronzes are inferior to copper in electrical conductivity, but significantly (several times), surpassing it within the limits of strength and elasticity, have higher corrosion resistance.
Aluminium is on the applicability of the second (after copper) conductive material. It has high electrical conductivity (60 % of copper conductivity) and low density (2.7 g/cm3), aluminium is lighter than 3.5 times copper (its density is 8.94 g/cm3). Replacement of copper on aluminium allows about twice the weight reduction at the same transferred power of electricity.
Silver has a rather low (less than copper) electric resistance coefficient (ρ = 0.016 μΩ•m).
High plasticity of silver allows You to get very thin wire and foil from it. In pure form, silver is used in microelectronics for the manufacture of microcontrollers, galvanic coatings in responsible high–frequency and ultrahigh–frequency devices, for contacts in low–current circuits. Alloys of silver with copper, nickel or cadmium are used to make contacts of the relay and other electrical apparatus.
Dear Ioannis Samaras
I would like to say special thanks for your response, actually i want to embed nano particles (Other than Gold) in hole transport layer to boost the performance of Perovskite solar cell.
Thank you so much Liliya Bazylyak Arvind Kumar Ioannis Samaras Arvind Kumar Taha Ahmed Abdullah
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