Greeting,

I already tried modeling the FEM of the tensile test for the forging of die steel (SKD61) with swift model for hardening and some other damage models. However, the fracture (crack initiation) angle in the FEM of the tensile test is 45 degree. While this is a highly brittle steel and it is known that brittle material is sensitive to tension rather than shear, which means it should fracture at zero degree!

Therefore, I would like to know if you have experience of working with this kind of material: Which hardening and damage model you used that result in a logical result? Please explain your answer with the reason.

Additionally, I would like to know your idea about the hardening model. Do you assume the hardening model also needs to be changed or it is only related to the damage model? Why?