I'm also interested in any "special" senses that animals have, in a similar vein to birds' ability to sense magnetic fields.
The question has no simple answer. As for the UV sensitivity as such, many animals see what human call UV. Rod and cone visual pigments are inherently highly sensitive to the UV, down to 280 nm. The UV sensitivity is higher that in the "official" visible range beyond ca. 590 nm ("yellow"). Humans do not see it because the wavelengths
For UV receptors many investigators have described peaks ~360 nm in vertebrates (e.g. Bow maker et al Vis Res 37: 2183-2194; Robinson et al PNAS 90: 6009-6012; Loew et al Vis Neuroscience 13: 247-256). In Limulus, the UV-VIS receptor has a peak ~348 nm (Battelle et al J Exp Biol 217: 3133-3145 (2014))
A variety of plants have UV-B sensitivity that is used for signaling in plants (e.g. Hoffman The Plant Cell September 2012 24:3485)
Other "special" sensitivities include echolocation; infrasound (low frequency) detection of whales and elephants, detection of polarized light (see Horváth, G., & Varjú, D. (2004). Polarized light in animal vision: polarization patterns in nature. Springer Science & Business Media.)
Many fish are extremely sensitive to electric currents through their lateral line detectors or rostrum detectors that is used for prey detection, navigation, or schooling (see e.g. Neiman, A., Pei, X., Russell, D., Wojtenek, W., Wilkens, L., Moss, F., ... & Voigt, K. (1999). Synchronization of the noisy electrosensitive cells in the paddlefish. Physical Review Letters, 82(3), 660. One extreme example in the paddlefish that can detect 1/100,000,000 of a volt per centimeter.
The question has no simple answer. As for the UV sensitivity as such, many animals see what human call UV. Rod and cone visual pigments are inherently highly sensitive to the UV, down to 280 nm. The UV sensitivity is higher that in the "official" visible range beyond ca. 590 nm ("yellow"). Humans do not see it because the wavelengths
More on "exotic" senses:
The ability to discriminate light polarization patterns is widespread outside vertebrates. Perhaps all arthropods (insects, spiders, crayfish etc) possess it, and squids and octopuses also do it quite well. Funny, but among vertebrates just a few species of small fish, anchoa, are known to have a specific retinal design to discriminate polarization.
Rattlesnake and a few other species of snakes have the pit organ, a thermal locator that allows detecting a worm-blooded prey, like a rabbit, in complete darkness, by sensing its thermal radiation.
As for electroreceptive fish, some are extremely sensitive to electric fields, as mentioned by Carl. Most sensitive are "primitive" fish like sharks, skates, and sturgeons. The electric sensitivity allows them to detect mutual motion of water, fish body, and the Earth magnetic field. This would allow to organize compass orientation, and sense remote water movements and magnetic storms (for whatever needs).
Another annimals are lions and bats generating ultrasound scanning the objects surrounding them
I have never heard about ultrasonic location in lions. Could you provide a reference, please?
For extreme short wave sensitivity there are experiments showing Thrips (insect) responding to light around below 300 nm (Carlos A. Mazza, Miriam M. Izaguirre, Javier Curiale, Carlos L. Ballaré 2015. look into the invisible: ultraviolet-B sensitivity in an insect (Caliothrips phaseoli) revealed through a behavioural action spectrum. Proc. Soc. Lond. B 282A).
For long wavelength sensitivity I would consider the Dragonfish using chlorophyl to alter the spectral sensitivity of long wave sensitive photoreceptors.
e.g.
R. H. Douglas, C. W. Mullineaux, J. C. Partridge. 2000. Long–wave sensitivity in deep–sea stomiid dragonfish with far–red bioluminescence: evidence for a dietary origin of the chlorophyll–derived retinal photosensitizer of Malacosteus niger. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London. B 355
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