The genus Gyrodinium spp. belonging to dinoflagellates including many species I am ask what the toxin producing by the important on in my region Gyrodinium estuariale and what the harmful effects on aquatic organisms and human health
You can find your inquiry in the book entitled: Seafood and freshwater toxins: Pharmacology, Physiology, and Detection. 3rd Ed. By Luis M. Botana, 2014. This dinoflagellate cause extensive fish kill.
Maybe this reference is useful for you:
Place AR, Bowers HA, Bachvaroff TR, Adolf JE, Deeds JR, Sheng J. Karlodinium veneficum—The little dinoflagellate with a big bite. Harmful Algae. 2012;14:179–195.
Dear Imad,
I think that Gyrodinium estuariale is now synonymous with Karlodinium veneficum, see Zhou et al 2010 and Bergholtz et al 2005.
The paper by Rasmussen et al 2016 describes some of the main phycotoxins and their references should guide you to other papers of interest.
Tomas
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