Hello Jaymin Bhatt

please check the resources related to your topic 

www.physio-pedia.com/Scapular_dyskinesis

www.omicsonline.org/.../effect-of-electrical-muscle-stimulation-with-voluntary-contra

bjsm.bmj.com › Volume 44, Issue 5

i assume there is such a thing, how would you define it?

Thanks for your answer Ralph. I want to know that what will be the benifit of an athlete after integration of sensory motor training. Does it make him to improve performance?

I would be happy to hear from you.

Thanks

Not sure I understand your question Jaymin but here are my notes from CPD.

Scapular dyskinesis is a generalized term used to describe the loss of scapular control and motion. The term does not suggest etiology or define patterns that correlate with specific shoulder injuries. However numerous pathologies, problems and impairments may result from abnormal scapular control and motion.

At rest, the entire medial border may be prominent dorsally. During arm motion, the medial scapular border tilts dorsally off the thorax. The axis of the rotation is vertical in the frontal plane.

Look for Dorsal Scapular Nerve Palsy (C4, C5) & Rhomboids weakness.

Similar to trapezius palsy: scapular depression and lateral translation  pain and/or tenderness along vertebral border; with or without muscle atrophy.

Look for lack of muscular/capsular flexibility, muscle imbalance or weakness. Scapular muscle fatigue may lead to altered glenohumeral proprioception, muscular inhibition, impaired coordination of scapular movements and timing.

Muscle inhibition related to Sherry’s law of reciprocal inhibition and the muscle spindle. Activation of a muscle uses stretch reflex connections to stimulate an agonist and to inhibit the antagonist to movement using an inhibitory interneuron. If a muscle, or muscle group(s) are continually recruited in an abnormal pattern (such as forward head posture), eventually the antagonist muscles will become inhibited due to receiving continued inhibitory impulses.

The most commonly weak or inhibited muscles maybe the serratus anterior, lower and middle trapezii and rhomboid muscles. Inhibition is seen as both a decreased ability for muscles to exert torque and stabilize the scapula and also as a disorganization of normal muscle firing patterns. More commonly the serratus anterior and lower trapezius is affected first.

Proprioceptive dysfunction to a joint may cause direct or indirect alterations in sensory information provided by mechanoreceptors; specialized receptors that sense mechanical deformation in soft tissue. Mechanoreceptors function by transducing some form of mechanical deformation into a frequency-modulated neural signal which is transmitted via afferent and efferent pathways.

Direct physical trauma causes ligament & capsule tearing ending in rupture of innervating nerve fibers. Consequently, the destruction of the messages to and from the joint receptors then causes a “deafferentation” and proprioceptive loss.

Indirect disruption may result from the effects of effusion or hemarthrosis. Sensory receptors remain intact, but provide incorrect positional information due to increased pressure. In the presence of significant swelling this form of inhibition can deactivate neuromuscular pathways resulting in insufficient or uncoordinated muscle group activation (dyskinesis). In addition, swelling increases intra- articular pressure of the glenohumeral joint thereby decreasing joint stability.

Scapulothoracic group: helps maintain the glenoid in an optimal position by directly controlling scapular position. The muscles in this group are the rhomboid minor and major, levator scapula, pectoralis minor, trapezius and serratus anterior. The most important stabilizers acting upon the scapula are the trapezius (middle & lower) & serratus anterior.

Scapulohumeral group: supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor and major, and deltoid originate from the scapula and besides generating movement forces they act to stabilize the head of the humerus.

Scapula and sports participation

ludwig et al

What is known and what is not known

The scapula plays a major role in sports participation performance as a central segment in the kinetic chain.65 ,66 ,83–87 Overhead tasks are performed through the utilisation and integration of multiple body segments and muscles. Sequential activation of specific muscle groups resulting in the performance of a specific dynamic action is known as kinetic chain function.88 During throwing and serving tasks, the scapula is the pivotal link between the larger centralised body segments that produce stability and generate force and the smaller localised segments of the arm that produce mobility and apply force to the ball or racquet. It is the link within the kinetic chain which allows the transfer of energy from the pelvic and trunk muscles to the overhead moving arm.

Proper utilisation of the kinetic chain allows the multiple body segments to optimally contribute to the performance or execution of the specific task. In the tennis serve, a specific set of sequential actions have been described which begin distally at the lower extremity and cease with the segments of the upper extremity.83 ,89 The most effective serve motion creates adequate knee flexion, trunk rotation and core stability which allows the scapula to fully retract for increased energy storage and transference.83 ,88 Similar use of the kinetic chain is necessary for overhead throwing in baseball.83 The scapula is positioned between the trunk and the arm; to maximise its potential while minimising injury risk requires the kinetic chain links preceding the arm to be utilised appropriately. To achieve optimal scapular control, an overhead thrower must control the trunk over the back leg, have the forearm pronated during cocking, the front leg and hips directed at the target, and hip/trunk move synchronously in rotation towards the target.83 This will allow maximal scapular retraction to occur resulting in the ability to fully horizontally abduct and externally rotate the shoulder, increasing the ability to develop maximal velocity.83 In both scenarios, the larger muscles and segments serve as the initiators and regulators of function. However, the alteration of a particular segment in the kinetic chain can result in either altered performance or injury to a more distal segment.90 ,91

Clinical implications

Sports participation results in slight differences in side-to-side motion and in scapular resting position in overhead athletes.66 ,84–86 The differences are increased or decreased upward rotation, increased internal rotation and/or variable changes in anterior/posterior tilt. Recent evidence has confirmed that some groups of throwing athletes have specific compensations in position, but display the same direction of motions during arm motion.87 These findings require that side-to-side evaluation be done to check for abnormal asymmetries, and that the observed alterations be treated only if they are found in association with injury. However, if alterations are found with injury, they should be addressed since the altered scapular positions have been hypothesised to have implications for decreases in muscle function and in injury.19–21 ,28 ,30 ,32 ,51 ,66 ,92–94 Muscle activation is coordinated in task-specific balanced force patterns to for stabilisation and control of dynamic coupled motion. The key scapular muscles for scapular stability and mobility are the upper and lower trapezius muscles and serratus anterior.

Sorry for late reply. I am very thankful to your support.

looking forward to interact with you.

Thanks