In microbial fuel cells (MFCs), different electrodes and membranes are used. Carbonaceous materials like graphene and metals are common for the anode, where organic material is oxidized. Cathodes can be air or aqueous, and biocathodes with microorganisms are also used. Ion exchange membranes separate compartments while allowing ion transport. Organic materials in wastewater, such as dyes, serve as fuel for the anode bacteria. Glucose and acetate from food waste or sewage can also be used.