I would like to comment about the anti-cancer drug such as Camptothecin (CPT).
Usual anti-cancer drug has a side effect onto normal cells, and resistant cancer-cell surely will be appear. This is because the cancer is occurred by the virus.
Therefore, fucoidan is a mild and safe drug without any side effect. Fucoidan is not linked to apoptosis at all (please see file; HepG2 fucoidan).
A polysaccharide cannot be efficacious medication, because of the drug should interact with DNA. The former class compounds promote weak interactions. The medication should have conjugated p-planar skeleton and/or should exhibit strong M-L bonding affinity.
Fucoidan effect is not linked to DNA metabolism at all. Fucoidan effect is glyco-chain effect onto biotinidase Kip , onto reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN) of HIV-1, and onto Hepatitis C Virus serine protease NS3. Biotin seems to be a regulator of expression of membrane proteins, and fucoidan normalize the excess of free biotin in HCC tissue.
Fucoidan does not annihilate the cancer cells, but mildly retards the growth rate of cancer cells. Then, the resistance to mild drug of fucoidan seems not to occur.
10 April 2017 (on the birthday of Gotama Siddhattha (India; BC 6 C))
Important points in cancer are as follows.
1) Bacteria (possessing DNA) do not show cancer. Bacterial proteins have no glyco-chains. Eucaryotes of animal and plant have cancer, but I do not yet know whether fungus and algae have cancer or not.
2) Human biotinidase has been found to be glycoprotein.
Kou Hayakawa, et al. (1989) Comparative study on human milk and serum biotinidase. Biochimie, 71, 1163-1169. (file; BIN glyco compa)
3) The most important and unique point in cancer cells has been found to be changed glyco-chains.
Dr. Yutaka Aoyagi, et al. (1993) Highly enhanced fucosylation of α-fetoprotein in patients with germ cell tumor. Cancer, 72, 615-618. (file; Aoyagi Fucose 1)
4) Reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN) of HIV-1 Gag-Pol polyprotein, and Serine protease NS3 of HCV Genome polyprotein are also glycoproteins.
5) We have found that HCC tissue has been elevated in liver biotinidase Ki, and elevated Ki value is normalized by fucoidan (see file; Anticancer Res). This is a first finding that enzyme kinetic parameters are determined by total chemical structure of the enzyme of glyco-chain, amino acid sequence, and multimerization or quaternary structure (please see above file; The Fascio Effect). The importance of quaternary structure in enzyme kinetics has been given by a kind suggestion provided by Dr. Alaa Otaibi (Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia).
6) Therefore, fucoidan has been expected to cure the HCC, and finally fucoidan has really healed the rat HCC (see file; Rat DEN Np-Fuco).