In case of traditional FDM, commercial machines such as the Stratasys Fortus machines can reach approx. 100 micron. Some smaller machines can reach even up to 50 microns layer thickness.
Most laser sintering techniques work with layer thicknesses around 100 microns, with the restriction being the minimal size of the powder particles (around 50 - 60 microns)
'Normal' stereolithography techniques can reach up to 20 microns of layer thickness. An example is the machine build by Lithoz.
Some more advanced techniques such as electrospinning and two-photon stereolithography can reach (sub)-micron levels of layer thicknesses.
I can provide you some literature on these topics if need be.