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I mean a statistical approach for adjusting values using multiple linear regression which is often used in ecological studies (e.g. Urashima et al., 2020 Int J Environ Res Public Health 17). Please see the attached figure and text below for more details.

Is an adjustment for a confounding factor (roughly) a substitution of the actual values by Residuals (as defined below)?

Residual =Y-Yh. Where Y is an actual value, Yh - is predicted based (e.g. on linear regression) for all data points.

To clarify my question I’m attaching a graph with unadjusted and (presumably) adjusted values. Do I understand correctly that empty circles represent values adjusted in regard of percentage of rural population?

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