I think this kind of data may not be reliably obtained from Satellite Data.

I think this is too much to expect from remote sensing technique alone. Understanding the potential and limitations of remote sensing will help in knowing whether the desired information is possible.

Over the past few decades, satellites have provided much useful information about conditions around the globe at a spatial and temporal resolution of practical significance. The focus of this commentary is on the information that satellites can provide to hydrologists, with a particular emphasis on information of value for investigations of groundwater conditions. A key component in assigning surface and subsurface indicators is the relevance to the dominant recharge and discharge processes occurring and the use of appropriate remote sensing and GIS techniques with the capacity to identify these processes. The satellite observations from the sensor are a measure of changes in earth gravity. However, these cannot be interpreted as an absolute measure of groundwater storage levels (such as in situ measurements in observations wells or piezometers), but instead enable estimation of changes in groundwater storage. To do so, these data are analyzed together with outputs from a land surface model via data assimilation or using advanced numerical techniques to obtain changes (along with accuracy estimates) in groundwater storage.

1. Knowledge of local hydrogeological processes occurring to choose appropriate surface/subsurface indicators,

2. Adequate remote sensing and GIS techniques, as well as necessary datasets, to map these indicators, and

3. Validation of the results at test sites and at the catchment scale. The systematic approach presented in this study provides a framework for mapping recharge and discharge areas across catchments. Although the selection of surface indicators is site-specific, the presented methodology and application guidelines are widely applicable.

I agree with Dr. Murray. I have sometimes referred to dated infrared aerial photos and LiDAR coverage to help define relative surface water conditions, and cloud coverage may interfere at times. I do not know of any available research that describes how this might be done or how good these estimates might be. To attempt and perfect this may be more difficult than actually making measurements. However, if you have located, developed or characterized specific stream locations or gauging stations, you might develop a relationship between width of water in channel or floodplain to streamflow discharge rate. Normally gauged streams have a stage discharge relationship developed, but the data on water width is in most cases available. Similarly, if one developed a relationship between water width in channel to water well data, and especially in regard to known groundwater recharge zones, some satellite data might be useful. Groundwater recharge zones are not always well known or defined. Areas with dense forest canopy covering channel and floodplain may be difficult to determine water width details. In any case, quantification from such remote readings would depend on correlation and validation from substantial field, stream and groundwater recharge data with satellite images. There may be periods where water or lack of water in ephemeral or intermittent channels, and across floodplains may help qualify but not quantify conditions, such as number of days in floodstage or number of days with no water in channel, but not necessarily quantify. Again, locations under forest canopy or cloud cover may be a problem. For research grade stream flow and groundwater recharge measurements, it is doubtful that satellite images in themselves would be of much use in quantification without substantial effort and field measurements, and there is no surety that even with detailed field measurements, that this could be used as a reliable quantification tool.

I agree with William F. Hansen - in situ calibration of satellite data looks essential for success. Concerning groundwaters - try to find patterns on satellite images, and then calibrate its as well.

Thank you Eugene Eremchenko

Hi

You follow this paper to get more information:

Article A GIS based DRASTIC model for assessing groundwater vulnerab...

Article Estimation of hydrodynamic pattern change of Ichamati River ...

I think this kind of data may not be reliably obtained from Satellite Data.

From satellite image, data

based on groundwater recharge and stream flow discharge may not be visible unless field measurements is involved.

Here is another vote that satellite data will not be sufficient to accomplish what you have proposed. Once ground-based data have established (over many years) how a drainage basin functions, then, perhaps, satellite data might be sufficient to approximately indicate changes/variations in the future.

Of course satellite images with specific resolution are helpful to assess the hydrological process as a whole for certain catchment. For this purpose, specific data are to be specified; metrology (Rains, intensity, duration, frequency, evaporation & evapotranspiration, wind speed, temp. & humidity), geometry of the catchment (catchment area, basin shape, length, & land slope) and land cover & soil type. But for groundwater simulation, further data are required including; specification of ground layers and sub layers, aquifer specifications, land slope, flow duration and concentration point, basin shape and land cover factors. For simulation of groundwater recharge, a hydrologic model like "DiCaSim"; from CEH "Center of Ecology and Hydrology" in Wallingford. You can use the package of integrated hydrological management system “IHMS” include: Distributed Catchment Scale Model (DiCaSM), (MODFLOW) (96 and 2000) and (SWI) "Sea water Intrusion" models. This is the best proposed model, that counts for runoff, infiltration, and GW recharge, considering all the surface (crop, weather & evaporation) and deep (permeability, infiltration, and soil layers hydrogeological) conditions. Or you can use, instead, a model like "MODFLOW-2000, THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MODULAR GROUND-WATER MODEL—THE LMT6 PACKAGE, LINKAGE WITH MT3DMS FOR MULTI-SPECIES MASS TRANSPORT MODELING"

Hi Newton Muhury ,

You might find interesting the following manuscripts which apply satellite products to estimate river discharge. It relies on the at-many-stations hydraulic geometry concept, making it possible the estimation of model coefficients from the river widths and therefore, river discharge.

References:

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1317606111

https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016109

All the best,

Alonso