hi

Zoonotic pathogen refers to pathogens naturally transmitted between animals and humans. There are several pathways whereby pathogens can invade humans. The principal pathways are via breathing air, drinking water, eating contaminated food, or hand to mouth contact.

The principal pathways are via breathing air, drinking water, eating contaminated food, or hand to mouth contact. The human body has many natural defenses against the more common pathogens in the form of the human immune system and through the presence of "helpful" bacteria in the body. However, if the immune system or "good" bacteria are damaged in any way or unprepared for a pathogen, then the pathogen can proliferate and cause harm.

Thank you Dr. Noor

hi Dr. Aamal

Any disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans and vice-versa is classified as a zoonosis according to the PAHO publication "Zoonoses and communicable diseases common to man and animals". Zoonoses have been recognized for many centuries, and over 200 have been described. They are caused by all types of pathogenic agents, including bacteria, parasites, fungi, and viruses.

Reducing public health risks from zoonoses and other health threats at the human-animal-ecosystems interface (such as antimicrobial resistance) is not straightforward. Management and reduction of these risks must consider the complexity of interactions among humans, animals, and the various environments they live in, requiring communication and collaboration among the sectors responsible for human health, animal health, and the environment.

Thank you Dr. Ali

Major modern diseases such as Ebola virus disease and salmonellosis are zoonoses. HIV was a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans in the early part of the 20th century, though it has now evolved to a separate human-only disease. Most strains of influenza that infect humans are human diseases, although many strains of swine and bird flu are zoonoses; these viruses occasionally recombine with human strains of the flu and can cause pandemics such as the 1918 Spanish flu or the 2009 swine flu. Taenia solium infection is one of the neglected tropical diseases with public health and veterinary concern in endemic regions. Zoonoses can be caused by a range of disease pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites; of 1,415 pathogens known to infect humans, 61% were zoonotic. However, only diseases that routinely involve animal to human transmission, like rabies, are considered direct zoonosis. Zoonoses have different modes of transmission. In direct zoonosis the disease is directly transmitted from animals to humans through media such as air (influenza) or through bites and saliva (rabies). In contrast, transmission can also occur via an intermediate species (referred to as a vector), which carry the disease pathogen without getting infected. When humans infect animals, it is called reverse zoonosis or anthroponosis. For more details you can visit the following link:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosis

Thank you Dr. Ahmed

Disease transmitter from animals directly to people.

Thank you Dr. Decker

 that is transmitted between species from animals to humans (or from humans to animals).

Thank you Dr. Aalaa