Electric vehicles use DC collector motors or AC induction motors.
Electric vehicles use DC collector motors or AC induction motors.
A survey published in 2018 conducted over more than 200 vehicles, stated that permanent magnet synchronous motors are majorly used in the EVs. Induction motors are preferable for heavy vehicles such as trucks and sports cars.
A. M. Bazzi, Y. Liu and D. S. Fay, "Electric Machines and Energy Storage: Over a Century of Technologies in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles," in IEEE Electrification Magazine, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 49-53, Sept. 2018. doi: 10.1109/MELE.2018.2849900
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We recommend three-phase brushless DC motors with neodymium magnets. Paying more for this electric motor and controller to it, compared to cheaper collector motors, you will save more on buying a less powerful lithium battery, or using a battery of similar capacity, increase the maximum mileage.
The main features of an electric motor include several important characteristics: 1.The torque of the motor reaches its maximum immediately when switched on, thus, electric vehicles do not require the presence of starters and clutches characteristic of the internal combustion engine. 2.The operation of the unit at an extensive number of revolutions, allows the electric car to do without a gearbox. To change the direction of rotation of the engine (reversing) is enough to change the polarity.
However, everyone understands that to start on an electric car with all the potential of torque, which is much more powerful than many cars with internal combustion engines, no one will. At the very least, it is unsafe, and importantly it entails inefficient battery consumption. Therefore traditionally electric motors must meet the following requirements:
- have a safe and easy to operate structure;
- have a guarantee of long-term operation;
- have compact dimensions.
Asynchronous motor. DC motors in which the rotor speed differs with the voltage potential of the magnetic field created by the power supply. There are one, two and three-phase asynchronous type units.
Synchronous motor. An alternating current electric motor with rotor motion completely symmetrical to the electromagnetic field. Such electric motors are used at higher capacities. There are ball and valve synchronous motors. The first is characterized by the exact location of the rotor with the supply of power to a specific winding, and to change the position of the rotor, the voltage between the windings must be redirected. For the second type of units is characterized by power from semiconductor components.
What power to choose an electric motor for an electric car?
The power of the electric motor depends on the mass of the future electric vehicle and the required dynamic characteristics.
Generally, in the road electric vehicles three-phase system (three-phase PMSM and three-phase IM) is incorporated. But multi-phase motors have many advantages over them. What is the future scope of multi-phase drives in road electric vehicles.
Multiphase converters and AC drives have been the object of increasing interest of researchers in recent years due to a number of their advantages compared to conventional (standard) three-phase adjustable systems. In particular, multiphase adjustable AC drives are characterized by reduced torque pulsations, reduced energy losses in the rotor of electric motors, as well as increased reliability at the system level . Currently, among the various modifications of multiphase systems, six-phase Converter systems are of the greatest practical interest.
The motor-wheel. A type of electric motor whose voltage force and torque is calculated on a specific wheel. This type of electric drive is often used in plug-in hybrid vehicles in working tandem with an internal combustion engine. The unit can be installed directly in the wheel, but modern electric vehicles are increasingly moving away from this arrangement of the motor, as it increases the specific weight of the chassis and reduces handling. It became more rational to use the engine as a full-fledged drive for wheel rotation.
AC motors are usually used where high power and high reliability are needed. These electric machines are usually structurally simpler and more durable than DC units. These engines are used as traction in most electric vehicles and hybrids. However, to power the AC motor from the battery, you need a special current Converter on Board – a difficult and expensive inverter, but its use is justified.
According to the principle of operation, AC motors are synchronous and asynchronous. For the average user, this is already high matter, let's just say that asynchronous motors on electric vehicles are used because of the simplicity of controlling its turns.
From electric motors used in production, the unit for cars differs in small dimensions, but increased power. In addition, modern developments are increasingly distancing engines for cars from other similar devices. Characteristics of electric vehicles are not only power, torque, but also the speed, current and voltage. Since this data depends on the movement and maintenance of cars.
Kinds
To better understand the diversity that gives us the car market, it is worth considering the existing types of electric motors for electric vehicles.
They can be conditionally classified by type of current:
the device AC;
DC designs;
universal solutions (capable of operating from DC and AC).
AC motors are divided into groups:
asynchronous – the speed of rotation of the magnetic field of the stator is higher than the speed of rotation of the rotor;
synchronous-the rotation frequency of the magnetic field of the stator and rotor coincide.
Taking into account the number of phases used, electrical devices are divided into: one-, two -, three-phase, multi-phase.
Energy is lost in the process of converting electrical energy into mechanical energy. Approximately 90% of the energy from the battery is converted to mechanical energy, and the remaining 10% is lost in the engine and transmission. This means that the efficiency (efficiency) of the electric motor reaches 90%, while the efficiency of the gasoline engine-up to 25%, and diesel-up to 50%.
Usually the power supply in the form of direct current is supplied to the Converter, where it becomes variable, and then comes to the three-phase AC motor.
Some electric vehicles use DC motors. In some cases, universal motors are used, which can be supplied with both alternating current and direct current.
Recently, electric motors have been improved, including various types of engines, such as asynchronous motors on Tesla cars and permanent magnet motors in the Nissan Leaf and Chevrolet Bolt.
Uzbekistan, Tashkent-an Podrobno.uz GM Uzbekistan plans to implement a project to install electric motors on Spark cars. As it was noted, work on the modernization of the model into an electric car has already begun. In September, the presentation of the first car with an electric motor is planned. We will remind that earlier the management of "Uzavtosanoat" declared serious plans for production of electric cars, including with involvement of the leading foreign companies. The country is currently developing a Concept for the production of electric vehicles, the document should be ready by the end of this year.
In addition, the Innovation center at the Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent has created a special group that deals with the implementation and organization of production of electric vehicles.
The electric motors used for automotive applications should have characteristics like high starting torque, high power density, and efficiency
Today's automakers use three different types of electric motors in EVs: the BLDC motor brushed DC motor and AC induction motor.
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