The unit of y is not clear from the table, maybe it is specified in the text. Probably y is a mole fraction, may also be a mass fraction. The factor 10^6 indicates that the data has been multiplied by a factor 10^6 for readibility in the table.
It is the mole fraction, i.e., moles of caffeine per moles of carbon dioxide. The solubility of a solid solute in the scientific papers is usually presented in terms of mole fraction (y) and/or in terms of amount of solute per unit of volume of volume of solvent (S).