Kenneth I am sure that you well known about used term Public/Private Partnership. Hence, there is well known separation. The Paragraph 67 of the UN General Assembly resolution 70/1, top climate change officials and the Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate Action call to all businesses to apply their creativity and innovation in the direction of solving sustainable development challenges and investment gaps, and the UN will promote both public and private investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technologies including carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies as well as declared as imperative action - harnessing innovation, enterprise and investment to fast track development of Climate change solutions by effective plan aimed at incentives transformation technical guidelines and procedures .

Armen B Avagyan 2018. Algae to Energy and Sustainable Development. Technologies, Resources, Economics and System Analyses. New Design of Global Environmental Policy and Live Conserve Industry. Amazon, ISBN-13: 978-1718722552, ISBN-10: 1718722559 BISAC: Technology & Engineering/Environmental/Waste Management, 220p. https://www.amazon.com/dp/1718722559/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1527001872&sr=1-1&refinements=p_27%3ADr.+Armen+B+Avagyan

In this consumer-based economy, consumer ‘spending is seen as the “engine” and the “driving force” of economic growth. In order to increase consumers spending, the strategy and the target of marketing and advertisement departments of many companies is to make us link happiness to comfort and pleasures . However, the recent scientific data from climate change conference in Paris (COP 21, 2015) seem to tell us that lifestyle and behavioral changes are crucial to avoid more severe consequences of global warming. The challenge today is to redefine happiness away from consumption in order to avoid more severe natural disasters. (1)Some people are already introducing the new “minimalist” life style in order to depend less on consumption. (2) Unlike comfort that is leading us to laziness, discomfort is seen as crucial to our pursuit of genuine happiness. (3) Finally, it is scientifically proven that charity brings happiness

This is a high energy consumption industry that singularly accounts for 5 per cent of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. During production of one tonne of material, it requires as much as 4. 7 million BTU of energy, equivalent to about 180 kg of coal — a key reason why it needs to remain ever vigilant of its role in environment degradation. https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/clean-tech/concrete-steps-towards-a-low-carbon-footprint/article24089400.ece

My approach: Armen B Avagyan 2018. Algae to Energy and Sustainable Development. Technologies, Resources, Economics and System Analyses. New Design of Global Environmental Policy and Live Conserve Industry. Amazon, ISBN-13: 978-1718722552, ISBN-10: 1718722559 BISAC: Technology & Engineering/Environmental/Waste Management, 220p. https://www.amazon.com/dp/1718722559/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1527001872&sr=1-1&refinements=p_27%3ADr.+Armen+B+Avagyan

Today, the term “carbon footprint” is often used as shorthand for the amount of carbon (usually in tonnes) being emitted by an activity or organization. https://www.footprintnetwork.org/our-work/climate-change/

Kenneth, you have a pessimistic view of our capabilities. I can only agree with you that current proposed steps and instruments of the Paris Agreement, the Emissions Trading Systems (EU, Japan, and the U.S. Los Angeles), the Energy Efficiency Resource Standard, Cafe Standards, Feebates etc. systems will not be able to achieve the goals of a real emission reduction. Therefore, the real step can be only mobilization of private investment directed to coupled economic growth and sustainable development.

Public policies and regulations have played a significant role in the motivating of the industry. In environment protection case, the market relation of public and private sector must be based on the economic Law of supply and demand aimed to achieve an environmental positive balance between pollution and mitigation in the global scale. Each company, which is the activity of direct or indirect lead to reduction of pollution, must receive payment for such Life Conserve product. Fund for payments for Life Conserve products must be originated from the incomes of pollution taxes, environmental program, etc. In this area, harmonization of the common rules and norms will serve the increase in investments in the Global Life Conserve Industry, making scale-up economics effective, helping to overcome market barriers in the case of their further penetration, and creating new business strategies and social desirability in many countries as concrete market step to mitigation of pollution. This will be concrete step to archive success.

Armen B Avagyan 2018. Algae to Energy and Sustainable Development. Technologies, Resources, Economics and System Analyses. New Design of Global Environmental Policy and Live Conserve Industry. Amazon, ISBN-13: 978-1718722552, ISBN-10: 1718722559 BISAC: Technology & Engineering/Environmental/Waste Management, 220p. https://www.amazon.com/dp/1718722559/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1527001872&sr=1-1&refinements=p_27%3ADr.+Armen+B+Avagyan

I also wrote that used current approaches and tools - can not achieve environmental goals. Only if for the private sector will be profitable to reduce pollution, we can achieve real success.

Every organizational level on the planet and by individuals and households are going to confront with two important problems of climate change and inevitable decline in fossil fuel production. It is necessary to continue producing more hydrocarbons.

in construction field are there many researches about sustainability concrete and green concrete to reduce of using cement in concrete and This led to the reduction of carbon emissions

Kenneth I am sure that you well known about used term Public/Private Partnership. Hence, there is well known separation. The Paragraph 67 of the UN General Assembly resolution 70/1, top climate change officials and the Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate Action call to all businesses to apply their creativity and innovation in the direction of solving sustainable development challenges and investment gaps, and the UN will promote both public and private investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technologies including carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies as well as declared as imperative action - harnessing innovation, enterprise and investment to fast track development of Climate change solutions by effective plan aimed at incentives transformation technical guidelines and procedures .

Armen B Avagyan 2018. Algae to Energy and Sustainable Development. Technologies, Resources, Economics and System Analyses. New Design of Global Environmental Policy and Live Conserve Industry. Amazon, ISBN-13: 978-1718722552, ISBN-10: 1718722559 BISAC: Technology & Engineering/Environmental/Waste Management, 220p. https://www.amazon.com/dp/1718722559/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1527001872&sr=1-1&refinements=p_27%3ADr.+Armen+B+Avagyan

Kenneth, in this case also- no) as we live in unsustainability reality)

Wind energy is being clean one it has got a lot of benefits in minimizing the release of green house gases and mitigating global warming.

Kenneth, as it turns out my book contains answers to your questions and pessimistic comments).

From 1971 up to 2010, the world’s oceans absorbed 93% of global warming, but their capacity to absorb CO2 may be declining (WEF 2018a). As a result of GHG emission increasing temperature records were registered in Europe, southern Africa, South America, and parts of Russia and China (WEF 2018a, b). This trend can disrupt agricultural systems that are already stressed (WEF 2018a). As a consequence of these continued warming the Earth can also repeat the fate of Venus and soon humans will have to leave (over about 100 years) (Matyszczyk 2018). The NASA study suggested that around 4.5 billion years ago the Venus GHG emission effect has arisen when this planet absorbs more energy from the sun than it can radiate back to space which induced temperature rising leading to a critical amount of water vapor (Powell and Bluck 2002).

The GHG emissions grew by 34% between 1990 and 2014 (Climate Transparency 2017) and continue increases at 1.0%, 0.2% and 0.5%, in 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively (Olivier et al. 2017). The EU generates 65% of global gross domestic product (GDP), account 51% of the world population and 67% of the total primary energy supply but originate 63 - 68% of total CO2 emission (Olivier et al. 2017). The G20 countries contribution is 85% of global GDP and 75 - 80% of total CO2 emissions or about 82% of global energy-related GHG emission (Climate Transparency 2017). It follows that the G20 countries must play a significant position to activate the energy transition globally as the largest global economies.

As a global ineffective management (analyses of Kyoto Protocol, Paris Climate Agreement, Emissions Trading System and carbon prices) it was fixed that GHG emissions are growing about 52 billion tCO2e/yr or up to 58% from 1990. This promotes also subsidies to fossil fuels which were $4.9 trillion or 6.5% of global GDP in 2013, and two years later they increased to $5.3 trillion. G20 nations provide 4 times more public financing to fossil fuels (Carrington 2017b). The adverse effect of fossil fuel subsidies consists in the use of public funds away from other necessary expenses such as social spending, health, clean energy, energy access for the poor, etc. Eliminating of fossil fuel harmful subsidies will play a key role in a development of a green economy. In 2016, G7, G20 and more than 50 countries of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) leaders announced on way out from fossil fuel subsidies by 2025 (Carrington 2017b, REN21 2016). However, it will be a difficult decision as the world oil demand will increase from approximately 14,309 million liters per day since 2014 to 104 -120 mb/d by 2040 and continued extraction and combustion of fossil fuels will create severe environmental challenges. The good news is that in 2017, the World Bank is announced a suspension after 2019 on financing upstream oil and gas investments (WEF 2018a).

Armen B Avagyan 2018. Algae to Energy and Sustainable Development. Technologies, Resources, Economics and System Analyses. New Design of Global Environmental Policy and Live Conserve Industry. Amazon, ISBN-13: 978-1718722552, ISBN-10: 1718722559 BISAC: Technology & Engineering/Environmental/Waste Management, 220p. https://www.amazon.com/dp/1718722559/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1527001872&sr=1-1&refinements=p_27%3ADr.+Armen+B+Avagyan

Kenneth, yes adaptive System responds to the change for the improvement of human well- beings. New environmental friendly technologies are our steps to such adaptation. On another hand, current global economic and environmental policy are barriers for introduction new approaches that require shifting to reality and changing policy tools to coupling economic and environment new design by development Live Conserve Industry adaptation tools.

Technology for both wind and solar energy sectors have evolved very fast.As far as wind power is concerned,increase in tower height,longer blades, gearless generator DFIG Machines,turbines designed for low cut- in speeds etc have significantly improved the capacity utilization factor and brought down the cost of generation.

Similarly, panel manufacturing technology to improve conversion efficiency,storage of energy, tracking type of solar cell etc have brought down the capital cost for solar power drastically.

Lala, I agree with you but take in attention:

"The fast growth of wind and solar generation for electricity cannot influence on the indicator of Global sustainable energy as electricity represents only 20% of energy consumption (IBRD-WB-IEA 2017)" (. Armen B Avagyan 2018. Algae to Energy and Sustainable Development. Technologies, Resources, Economics and System Analyses. New Design of Global Environmental Policy and Live Conserve Industry. Amazon, ISBN-13: 978-1718722552, ISBN-10: 1718722559 BISAC: Technology & Engineering/Environmental/Waste Management, 220p. https://www.amazon.com/dp/1718722559/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1527001872&sr=1-1&refinements=p_27%3ADr.+Armen+B+Avagyan)

Dear Armen,

While the effects of climate change are quite evident, a delicate balance needs to be maintained between growth and environment sustenance.It is imperative that renewable energy contributes bigger share in the energy mix.With advancements in generation and storage technologies,renewable power will be available more consistently and competitive price.

Many people have switched to solar panels, wind turbines, geothermal energy and electric/hybrid cars and these are some of the methods many of us could use (if we can afford them) to reduce carbon emissions.

Michael, of course, but it should be borne in mind that in the field of electrical energy we have 2 environmentally friendly sources - hydro and atomic energies. Therefore, more attention should be paid to other forms of energy and to reducing air and land pollution. The practical achievement of these goals is possible only through a fundamental change in the environmental policy and its instruments

Electrical energy is stored during times when production (especially from intermittent power plants such as renewable electricity sources like wind power, tidal power,solar power) exceeds consumption.One such form of energy storage method is to use off- peak or renewably generated electricity to compress air, which is later on used to generate electricity. Another electricity storage to compress and cool air, turning it into liquid air, which can be stored, and expanded when needed,turning a turbine,generating electricity, with a storage efficiency of up to 70%.Battery storage was used in the early days of direct current electric power Development of Lithium ion battery has changed the energy storage scenario.Hydrogen is being developed as an electrical energy storage medium.Hydrogen is produced, then compressed or liquefied,cryogenically

stored and then converted back to electrical energy or heat.Compared to pumped water storage and batteries,hydrogen has the advantage that it is a high energy density fuel.

IISc scholars develop artificial leaf that reduces carbon dioxide in air, creates biofuel

https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/iisc-scholars-develop-artificial-leaf-reduces-carbon-dioxide-air-creates-biofuel-83126

There is lots of evidence that tells us the average temperatures of the world's atmosphere and oceans have increased over the past 150 years.

The evidence includes:

• direct temperature measurements on land
• changes in the dates when lakes and rivers freeze and their ice melts
• a reduction in the extent of snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere
• a reduction in glaciers
• extended growing seasons of plants
• changes in the heat stored in the ocean
• changes in rainfall patterns resulting in more floods, droughts and intense rain.

A number of biological changes have also been observed.

These include:

• shifts in the ranges of some plant and animal species
• earlier timing of spring events such as leaf-unfolding, bird migration and egg-laying for some species.

Together these indicators provide clear evidence that the climate is changing.

http://www.mfe.govt.nz/climate-change/why-climate-change-matters/evidence-climate-change

Hydrologcal studies are required to be taken up for assessment of water resources under changing climatic scenarios. Hydrgeologists must work with socio-economists,agriculture modelers and soil scentists towards future changes of ground water recharge.

Biofuels - A Way To Reduce Your Carbon Footprint.

http://www.carbonneutralearth.com/biofuels.php

NASA Wants to Launch a Giant Magnetic Field to Make Mars Habitable.

https://www.sciencealert.com/nasa-wants-to-launch-a-giant-magnetic-shield-to-make-mars-habitable

Kenneth, you are confused)

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation). This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, "light", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, "putting together".[1][2][3] In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth's atmosphere, and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis

Transformed energy is used no only as primary energy source, but also for increasing other biomass, transformation carbohydrate molecules to the other chemicals, etc. This process decrease content CO2 in Earth air.

Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides,waves, and geothermal heat. So, in their feedstock collection great importance has the transformation of the energy of the external source - the sun.

CO2 rising is result of balance disorders due to human activity. Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals while at the same time sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which the economy and society depend. The desired result is a state of society where living conditions and resource use continue to meet human needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural system. Sustainable development can be classified as development that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations. Renewable energy helps restore balance

Kenneth, you know but did not give a complete picture of the transformation of oxygen and therefore your equation between the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide is wrong. The proportion of oxygen by volume in the atmosphere is 21 percent and by weight in seawater is 89 percent. In rocks, it is combined with metals and nonmetals in the form of oxides that are acidic (such as those of sulfur, carbon, aluminum, and phosphorus) or basic (such as those of calcium, magnesium, and iron) and as saltlike compounds that may be regarded as formed from the acidic and basic oxides, as sulfates, carbonates, silicates, aluminates, and phosphates. Plentiful as they are, these solid compounds are not useful as sources of oxygen, because separation of the element from its tight combinations with the metal atoms is too expensive. Yes,during respiration, animals and some bacteria take oxygen from the atmosphere and return to it carbon dioxide, whereas by photosynthesis green organisms assimilate carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight through the use of external energy and evolve free oxygen. Almost all the free oxygen in the atmosphere is due to photosynthesis. So, photosynthesis process can change O2 and CO2 rate and that is CCS technology. Thus, all depends also on the amount and effectiveness of the activity of photosynthetic units and whether we will be able to reduce oxygen consumption through the use of renewables and atomic energy

Sustainability and Natural Resource Conservation

https://www.cbp.gov/about/environmental-cultural-stewardship/green-solutions

Singapore Budget 2018: Singapore's carbon tax to start at S$5 a tonne

After a review in 2023, the tax will eventually be raised to between S$10 and S$15 a tonne by 2030.

https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/energy-commodities/singapore-budget-2018/singapore-budget-2018-singapores-carbon-tax-to-start-at-s5

I think nations are more and more asking other nations to do so. Nations are now policing each other

Kenneth, you too simplified the process of photosynthesis as indicated only light reaction, which led to an error) Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. In the first your indicated stage, light-dependent reactions or light reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH. During the second stage, the light-independent reactions use these products to capture and reduce carbon dioxide. Take into account also energy balance, photosynthesis allow storage sun energy that increase organic, decrease CO2 and promote life.

Yes, there is relaship

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are connected through an important relationship. This relationship enables life to survive as we know it. The products of one process are the reactants of the other.

• Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
• Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O2

Photosynthesis makes the glucose that is used in cellular respiration to make ATP. The glucose is then turned back into carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis. However, nothing prevents us change the relationship between the increase in production of O2 and respiration through an increase in the number of photosynthetic units and more accumulate solar energy

Kenneth, you named 1. CO2 + H2O (and visible light) yields CH2O + O2 (photosynthesis). I again repeat that this is not mathematics and photosynthesis (only part of it). Only during the following photosynthesis dark stage these products to capture and REDUCE CO2.

To be closer to your specialty we must consider facts based on carbon cycle point. When fossil fuels are burned, carbon dioxide is released into the air. Increasing use of fossil fuels has led to elevated levels of atmospheric . Deforestation is also a major contributor to increasing CO2.

It is logical that when we increase the number of photosynthetic units, we shift the content of CO2 and other GHG gases downward as well as pollution with improvement feed and food quality, health, etc. ((Armen B Avagyan 2012-2013. Theory of Global Sustainable Development based on including of microalgae in Bio and Industrial cycles: New Design and Building of Biological System. https://www.amazon.com/Sustainable-Development-including-microalgae-Industrial/dp/1484000331/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1529499838&sr=1-2&refinements=p_27%3ADr.+Armen+B+Avagyan).

It is also logical that when we use renewable energy sources instead of fossil fuel we also reduce the content of CO2 and GHG gases. You did not give convincing arguments against these axioms. I agree with you only that today's political instruments do not allow these to be done effectively (Armen B Avagyan 2018. Algae to Energy and Sustainable Development. Technologies, Resources, Economics and System Analyses. New Design of Global Environmental Policy and Live Conserve Industry. Amazon, ISBN-13: 978-1718722552, ISBN-10: 1718722559 BISAC: Technology & Engineering/Environmental/Waste Management, 220p. https://www.amazon.com/dp/1718722559/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1527001872&sr=1-1&refinements=p_27%3ADr.+Armen+B+Avagyan)

sLala, take into account that Singapora carbon taxes is small -

Carbon pricing is considered a cost-effective way to reduce emissions to move forward companies and households to pollute less by investing in cleaner technologies and decreasing of the energy demand (CPLC 2017, David Suzuki Foundation 2017, Metcalf 2008). A carbon tax advantage is in its easier and quicker implementation (few months) (David Suzuki Foundation 2017). However, in the G20 countries, the sum of carbon taxes, taxes on energy use and tradable emission permit prices are low beside the road transport branch (Climate Transparency 2017, CPLC 2017). The GHG high tax would increase businesses costs, which would reduce the tax bases for income and payroll taxes which lead to increase the cost of producing goods and services and reduce the purchasing power of peoples earnings as well as their real (inflation-adjusted) wages (CBO 2013). However, the Swedish established carbon tax at $140/tCO2e designed with spurring the innovation and use of green heating technologies that have significantly phased out burning oil for heating and aimed to cut emissions by an additional 25 % (David Suzuki Foundation 2017). At the same time, Sweden economy with such high GHG tax has grown by more than 100 % and the country ranked as 4 in the world on economic competitiveness (David Suzuki Foundation 2017). The Canadian approach requires also high carbon charges up to $100–200/tCO2e (Rivers et al. 2007). At the present time, Switzerland carbon price stands at $84/tCO2e, France increased its carbon tax up to €30,5/tCO2 in 2017 with the aim of reaching €56/tCO2e in 2020 and €100/tCO2e in 2030 (CPLC 2017).

Armen B Avagyan 2018. Algae to Energy and Sustainable Development. Technologies, Resources, Economics and System Analyses. New Design of Global Environmental Policy and Live Conserve Industry. Amazon, ISBN-13: 978-1718722552, ISBN-10:1718722559 BISAC: Technology & Engineering/Environmental/Waste Management, 220p. https://www.amazon.com/dp/1718722559/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1527001872&sr=1-1&refinements=p_27%3ADr.+Armen+B+Avagyan)

Mining less from the earth. And more from old devices.

https://www.apple.com/environment/pdf/Apple_Environmental_Responsibility_Report_2018.pdf

India is blessed with immense amount of hydro-electric potential and ranks 5th in terms of exploitable hydro-potential on global scenario. As per assessment made by CEA, India is endowed with economically exploitable hydro-power potential to the tune of 1 48 700 MW of installed capacity.

https://www.solarsurge.in/renwable-energy/hydropower/

How Companies Are Buying Clean Energy: 4 Lessons from India.

http://wri-india.org/blog/how-companies-are-buying-clean-energy-4-lessons-india

Hydrogen (H2) has become an important fuel source in the past few decades due to the increasing demand for clean-burning fuels .

http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/technology/hydrogen-fuel/

Reducing the Carbon Footprint with Green Hydrogen.

https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=623

Article The cost of hydrogen from coal

Kenneth, your mistake: you is considering only air CCS. Reducing emissions is a complex task in various areas of anthropogenic activity. My theory say that algae can reduce GHG emission not only through such CCS but also through reducing its formation in wastewaters, solid wastes such as food waste, etc. and so on with further inclusion of biomass in Biological cycles and using for biofuel production. Such total effect can ensure sustainable development and producing alternative energy resources.

The Role of Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment

Editors: Sukla, Lala Behari, Subudhi, Enketeswara, Pradhan, Debabrata (Eds.),Under preparation.

https://www.springer.com/us/book/9789811315855

afforestation grow as many as plants especially carbon sink plants

Kenneth, algae storage external and internal energy with mitigation GHG and pollution. This means that on Earth the energy is additionally increased and the challenges to sustainable development are reduced. How effectively we will use this energy depends from us. For example, it can be used to produce alternative energy that will reduce GHG fossil fuel. In food chain algae represent a higher value than agricultural plants and their inclusion in this chain can lead to a decrease GHG of agriculture including decreasing use of fossil fuel. Thus, including algae in Industrial and Bio Cycles led to sustainable development.

You take more into account the end products of the carbon cycle but ignore the regulatory tools that can lead to a change in the kinetics between the produced pollution and its mitigation and reduction. At the same time, the main objective of sustainable development is to improve this balance through reducing pollution

Building solar, wind or nuclear plants creates an insignificant carbon footprint compared with savings from avoiding fossil fuels, a new study suggests -

https://www.carbonbrief.org/solar-wind-nuclear-amazingly-low-carbon-footprints

Regards

Kenneth, sustainable development is not carbon cycle. Nature has already begun to adapt to global warming and high pollution, but by way of its own choice. This evident is the increasing number of algal blooms (photosynthetic cyanobacteria), which will lead to a reduction suitable fresh water, high costs for its cleaning from toxins, problems in the food chain for humans, animals, etc. ( Avagyan AB, 2011. Water Global Recourse Management through the Use of Microalgae Addressed to New Design & Build Biological System and Sustainable Development. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, Volume 13, Number 3, p431-445, DOI:10.1007/s10098-010-0321-5, Avagyan AB 2012-2013. Theory of Global Sustainable Development based on including of microalgae in Bio and Industrial Cycles. New Design and Building of Biological System. Amazon. ISBN-13: 978-1484000335, ISBN-10: 1484000331, ASIN: B00A7BIV9O o-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>Volume 13, Number 3, p431-445, DOI:10.1007/s10098-010-0321-5).

My theory of sustainable development clearly follows the historically aproved Nature choices. Consequently, the main integrated tool for achieving sustainable development is valid policy to application of suitable algae species. If humanity makes the right choice based on algae to regulate the reduction and deletion of pollution sources, it will be the right choice for regulating the process on a large scale (Armen B Avagyan 2018. Algae to Energy and Sustainable Development. Technologies, Resources, Economics and System analyses. New Design of Global Environmental Policy and Live Conserve Industry. Amazon, e-book of Kindle Edition, ASIN: B07DFQBFFD)

Algae-Based Carbon Sequestration

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/120/1/012011/pdf

Kenneth, at first, Nature uses algae and we only use its experience. Your reasons are not convincing and secondly - you yourself do not offer anything) a comfortable position)

Being aware of the environment and of your own positive or negative role in it, is very important.

India’s development agenda focusses on the need for rapid economic growth as an essential pre-condition to poverty eradication and improved standards of living. According to the NAPCC-2008, India aims to limit its per capita GHG emissions below that of developed countries — is this possible with the economy growing at an annual average growth rate of eight per cent? Only time will tell, but the country will definitely need to focus attention on adaptive capacity building, identify and start implementing adaptation measures, and follow a low carbon development pathway.http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-openpage/Carbon-footprint-ndash-an-introduction/article15410227.ece?source=ppc&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIpsbipc7w2wIVwo6PCh2zIg8CEAMYAiAAEgI6t_D_BwE

Kenneth, taking into account your age, achievements in palentology and especially the ability to provoke discussions), and also that you do not read my links, I will try to delicately explain the situation, although I suggest that as a palentologist you should have known this. With the origination of life on Earth, processes lead to the capture and storage of solar energy and chemical elements in living matter. It is expected that the number of people will increase to 9-9.5 billion to 2050 and, accordingly, the production of livestock and plant increases, which leads to the capture and storage of solar energy in living matter. Therefore, your formula and description of the process as photosynthesis-respiration-CO2 cannot cover the whole diversity of this process, since C also accumulates in living matter. At the same time, we inefficiently use previously accumulated energy in living matter. I have already cited the reference that fertilization of soil average 20.8 liters of fossil fuels/acre/yr is needed and U.S. farm uses 3 kcal of fossil energy to produce 1 kcal of food energy. Thus, we deplete the reserves of previously accumulated energy of living matter and its sources are depleted. Therefore a future requires alternative energy, but this will require an additional increase in the amount of biomass and the more optimal way of its production.

Microalgae species can grow in phototrophic, heterotrophic or mixotrophic conditions. Our calculation emission by the use of last U.S. NPEL design of microalgae to biofuel (Davis et al. 2016) showed that only used fertilizers with nitrogen content for the day microalgae biomass production release CO2 emission 63.56 kgCO2e per kg of the produced microalgae biomass. This is more that impact of CCS by algae cultivation – 1.83 kgCO2e per kg of algal biomass, gasoline and diesel emissions by combustion in motor vehicles (gasoline is realized 2.29 kgCO2/L (E10 - 2.21 and E85 - 1.61 kgCO2/L ) and diesel - 2.66 kgCO2/L (B5 - 2.65 and B20 - 2.62 kgCO2/L)) as well as sum of crude oils extraction-to-refining (4 to 50 gCO2e/megajoule (MJ) (about half of the total EU plants has extraction-to-refining emission from 4 to 9 gCO2/MJ) and combustion in motor vehicle emissions of 73 gCO2e/MJ). It, on the one hand, proves that phototrophic growth of microalgae has no perspective for commercial production and, on the another hand, indicates that the cultivation of microalgae in photobioreactors can have only limited application as well known difficulties for the high energy consumption by the cleaning of both the internal and external wall for the use of alternative nutrition sources as wastewaters and relatively low shelf of installation. Heterotrophic growth way is an aerobic process with oxygen consumption in process of assimilation of organic components for oxidative phosphorylation and in cultivation of microalgae has several advantages – higher growth rate, biomass and lipid productivity, simpler bio-reactor design, easier scaling-up process, possibility to manipulate effectively biomass composition by changing the culture medium, and harvesting at low-cost compared with phototrophic growth. Mixotrophic cultivation of algae has used both advantages of phototrophic and heterotrophic grown (Avagyan 2012-2013, Lowrey et al. 2015, Wan et al. 2011). Microalgae mixotrophic cultivation is demonstrated high growth rates (by 20–40 %) as has also biomass yield in darkness compared with phototrophic growth (Perez-Garcia and Bashan 2015). Mixotrophic cultivation leads to the capture and storage of solar energy and chemical elements including CO2 and organics and including other wastewater pollutants in living matter. This biomass energy can be used for producing alternative energy and in food chain. Taking into account the high productivity of microalgae they using are the optimal way the capture and storage of solar energy and chemical elements including C in living matter with additional producing of biomass. This is optimal way for new environmental design and for overcome sustainable development challenges. If you again cannot understand this then it is useless to argue with you. All these reasons are given in my articles and books including Avagyan AB 2012-2013. Theory of Global Sustainable Development based on including of microalgae in Bio and Industrial Cycles. New Design and Building of Biological System. Amazon. ISBN-13: 978-1484000335, ISBN-10: 1484000331, ASIN: B00A7BIV9O, Armen B Avagyan 2018. Algae to Energy and Sustainable Development. Technologies, Resources, Economics and System analyses. New Design of Global Environmental Policy and Live Conserve Industry. Amazon, e-book of Kindle Edition, ASIN: B07DFQBFFD.

Indian travellers’ carbon footprint is fourth-largest in the world: study Coming close on the heels of the revelation that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere have reached “highest” in 800,000 years, the assessment underlines that global footprint of tourism-related greenhouse gas emissions is “growing faster than international trade and is already responsible for almost a tenth of global GHGs.”

https://india.mongabay.com/2018/05/18/indian-travellers-carbon-footprint-is-fourth-largest-in-the-world-study/

In January 2018, ICAO produced a set of draft rules. Rather than reducing emissions from flying, the aviation industry aims to make runaway climate change a reality, as quickly as possible.

http://www.redd-monitor.org/2018/06/12/the-aviation-industry-must-drop-its-plans-for-carbon-offsets-and-biofuels/

Kenneth, it's you who are advertising your previous articles and achievements and do not offer anything new to solve problems. It is clear from your statements that you do not know enough thermodynamics, kinetics and biophysics of biological processes, you are not a specialist in the field of photosynthesis, algae, plants, agriculture, etc. but you express absurd conclusion as axiom and take part in a discussion far from your specialty.

At the same time, you understand that your conclusions are unacceptable in the scientific community, which seeks solutions to problems. Your adaptation is the repetition of the fate of the atmosphere of Venus on Earth. As a consequence of your adaptation, “continued warming the Earth can also repeat the fate of Venus and soon humans will have to leave (over about 100 years) (Matyszczyk 2018). The NASA study suggested that around 4.5 billion years ago the Venus GHG emission effect has arisen when this planet absorbs more energy from the sun than it can radiate back to space which induced temperature rising leading to a critical amount of water vapor (Powell and Bluck 2002).”

Biological thermodynamics is the quantitative study of the energy transductions that occur in or between living organisms, structures, and cells and of the nature and function of the chemical processes underlying these transductions. Biological thermodynamics may address the question of whether the benefit associated with any particular phenotypic trait is worth the energy investment it requires.

Therefore, in further I will not read and make comment on your non-professional “axioms.” I wish you a long life and more fruitful ideas

ITK should be adopted in all forms

Your carbon footprint destroys 30 square metres of Arctic sea ice a year

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/nov/03/your-carbon-footprint-destroys-30-square-metres-of-arctic-sea-ice-a-year

Global tourism carbon footprint quantified in world first.

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180507111914.htm

Carbon footprints of 13 000 cities.

Article Carbon footprints of 13,000 cities

Denmark’s reputation as one of the most proactive countries in the world in the fight against climate change took a heavy knock this week. Despite its reputation as a green energy pioneer, a Danish government memorandum obtained by newspaper Politiken suggests that the country’s carbon emissions are due to rise sharply, by as much as 10 percent between now and 2030. The potential culprits: Apple, Facebook, and Google, among others.

https://www.wired.com/story/denmarks-carbon-footprint-is-set-to-balloonblame-big-tech/

New fuel from CO2 can slow climate change

http://www.eco-business.com/news/new-fuel-from-co2-can-slow-climate-change/

Dear Kenneth.. Thank you.I hope you will suggest some concrete steps Global warming is a fact, and evolves into a full range of issues of politics, economy, society, technology, environment and ecology on a global scale from a single scientific problem. The strong measures and tools for the global problem of climate warm, research of carbon footprint and assessment standards need to be carried out within the global scope, to solve problems such as carbon leakage and border-tax adjustments . .

Now scientists report additional measures cities could take to further cut their carbon footprint: by tackling emissions related to food consumption and waste.

Article Cities’ Role in Mitigating United States Food System Greenho...

Kenneth, I already asked you - no to contact me anymore, because I'm tired of your non-professional “Kenneth axioms” with the lack of basic knowledge of biology and bioenergetics, photosynthesis, etc. and self-elevation. However, I explain at the third time on level that even a stupid schoolboy could understand. In the Biological era, there was an accumulation of solar energy and chemicals in bioenergy that we now excessively use with increasing of GHG emissions. In the Biological era, this primary accumulation of bioenergy by algae was accompanied by an increase in the oxygen content in the primary photochemical reaction - this is your first formula, which cannot be called “photosynthesis,” and the storage of bioenergy was originated mainly in the form of organic compounds in dark biochemical reactions (Calvin cycle) that currently we are now redundantly using. As a result of the Biological era process, the oxygen content increased and CO2 decreased.

With the development of higher organisms, the system of energy accumulation shifted towards the more efficient accumulation of bioenergy in their biomass.

Algae have remained the most effective tool for the primary accumulation of bioenergy. Therefore, in my theory they are offered as a primary tool for the formation and storage of bioenergy.

Now about your second formula. Only a part of bioenergy is used in “respiration” - the bulk is storage by increasing the biomass of higher life forms. This is evidenced by the balance - there is an increase in the population of people, animals, etc. Therefore, for a new regulation of the CO2/O2 ratio, we need to ensure the correct balance of bioenergy accumulation and pollution reduction. There algae also have a major role. The inclusion of algae in Industrial cycles: cultivation using wastewater and solid waste contributes - 1) to improving the balance of CO2/O2 in photosynthesis, 2) through the utilization of organic and mineral compounds + solar energy - bioenergy is storage in their biomass withou and at the same time sources of emissions and pollution are eliminated. Only in the use of their biomass for the production of biofuels, carbon returns to the atmosphere but with mitigation vehicle GHG emissions by 50 - 80 % compared to petroleum diesel.

The inclusion of algae biomass in Biological Cycles makes possible to ensure storage of the bioenergy including C in higher organisms and increasing in this biomass indicates that this process dominates over the “respiration”which originated CO2.

You do not have properties of systemic and logical thinking that is probably associated with age. Therefore, you better refrain from propaganda of “Kenneth axioms.” I already asked that you no call me with your non-professional “Kenneth axioms.” I have not time for such senselessness

A Fifth Pathway of Carbon Fixation .

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/318/5857/1732.full?rss=1

This is not personal attack against Kenneth - this is attack against unprofessional “Kenneth axioms.” In case of Kenneth person I wished a long life and more fruitful ideas

The biofuel+CCS might be a good choice. However, is there enough land/water to produce more and more biofule? or capture and store all CO2 in the biofule power plants?

Coupling of nuclear power plants with RO desalination system not only will decrease the emission but also will produce electricity and fresh water for new population!

The nuclear power plant can be a possible choice or not?

• Nuclear power emits more greenhouse gases per kilowatt hour than all renewables, including biomass (up to 41 grams per kilowatt hour), hydroelectric and solar (up to 13 grams per kilowatt hour), and wind (up to 10 grams per kilowatt hour).
• Reactors produce significantly less carbon dioxide than all fossil fuels. The cleanest is natural gas (443 grams per kilowatt hour), while the most carbon dioxide is produced by coal (up to 1,050 grams per kilowatt hour).

Sovacool, Benjamin K. "Valuing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Nuclear Power: A Critical Survey", Energy Policy , August 2008, Vol. 36, Issue: 8, 2940-2953.

http://theconversation.com/is-nuclear-power-zero-emission-no-but-it-isnt-high-emission-either-41615

http://www.world-nuclear.org/nuclear-basics/greenhouse-gas-emissions-avoided.aspx

New type of photosynthesis discovered

https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/new-type-of-photosynthesis-discovered/article24203547.ece

An approach to remove large masses of CO2 from the atmosphere by

John B. Cook et al, 2017

" Alkali absorption by cloud water can significantly increase the solubility of СО2 in raindrops developed by airplane seeding. This would provide much higher than normal levels of СО2 to be transported to the ground to be sequestered by the soil surface and/or in ground water. It could, under humid conditions become available for carbon fixation by plants and organisms as well. Laboratory experiments with multiple crop species irrigated with modified rainwater indicates yield benefits. Calculations estimate that about 38 Gtonnes/year of atmospheric CO2 can be removed from the atmosphere when applying the cloud seeding process over 0.08% to 2 % of the Earth’s surface. "

Article An approach to remove large masses of CO2 from the atmosphere.

Olivine has been doing this naturally for billions of years, but Dr. Schuiling wants to speed up the process by spreading it on fields and beaches and using it for dikes, pathways, even sandboxes. Sprinkle enough of the crushed rock around, he says, and it will eventually remove enough CO2 to slow the rise in global temperatures.

“Let the earth help us to save the earth,” said Dr. Schuiling, who has been pursuing the idea single-mindedly for several decades and at 82 is still writing papers on the subject from his cluttered office at the University of Utrecht.

https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/10/science/earth/climate-tools-seek-to-bend-natures-path.html

This Gasoline Is Made of Carbon Sucked From the Air. Carbon Engineering, a Canadian company, is already making a liquid fuel by sucking carbon dioxide (CO2) out of the atmosphere and combining it with hydrogen from water. This is an engineering breakthrough on two fronts: A potentially cost-effective way to take CO2 out of the atmosphere to fight climate change and a potentially cost-competitive way to make gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel that doesn’t add any additional CO2 to the atmosphere.

https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/06/carbon-engineering-liquid-fuel-carbon-capture-neutral-science/

It is necessary to succumb to not sensuality -optimism / pessimism but to take concrete steps)

The world community must make a Systems analysis to look at all aspects of the adopted tools including policy, financial investments and subsidies as well as priorities of R & D in order to define its goals or purposes and discover operations and tools for accomplishing Natural systems (formed by the nature) and Manufactured System (man-made system) aimed to make them most efficiently for decisions of Global Challenges.

The Kyoto Protocol established mandatory objectives that have legal force but failed to find a global effective solution to environmental problems (Avagyan 2017). As an ineffective management, it was fixed that currently, GHG emissions are growing by about 52 billion tCO2e/yr (WEF 2018a) or up to 58% from 1990 (OECD 2017). The stress on the Earth’s natural systems caused by anthropogenic activity has significant deterioration in the 25 years since the 1992 Rio Earth Summit and life on land could be entering a period of unique environmental systems change (WEF 2018b). The recent GHG emission rate has not registered for at least 3 million years (WEF 2018b).

The Paris Climate Agreement based on the only consensus of countries with nationally and voluntary determined targets (UNEP 2017). It does not implement any specific global instrument to emission reduction and leaves the choice of measures to national policy-makers (Avagyan 2017, KfW/ZEW 2016, UNEP 2017) as well as has many uncertainties and relies on unproven, potentially risky or controversial technologies in the future (Rogelj et al. 2016). In reality, the Paris Climate Agreement promotes, mostly, instruments which are a repetition of the Kyoto Protocol measures and without well-understood problems and sufficient deepening in their decisions (Avagyan 2017). It did not provide the necessary efficiency to reduce environmental pollution (Avagyan 2017) and the degradation processes and the Global environmental risks only will be increased (UNEP 2017, WEF 2018a).

System analyses provide that the sole main barrier to sustainable development potential is ineffective international and governmental policies which create difficulties in the coupling of the goals of economic development and environmental activity. Armen B Avagyan 2018. Algae to Energy and Sustainable Development. Technologies, Resources, Economics and System Analyses. New Design of Global Environmental Policy and Live Conserve Industry. Amazon, ISBN-13: 978-1718722552, ISBN-10: 1718722559 BISAC: Technology & Engineering/Environmental/Waste Management, 220p.https://www.amazon.com/dp/1718722559/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1527001872&sr=1-1&refinements=p_27%3ADr.+Armen+B+Avagyan