Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and Project-Based Learning (PjBL) are educational methodologies that promote an active and student-centered approach, prioritizing the resolution of real-world problems and the practical application of knowledge. Both methodologies foster the development of critical skills such as critical thinking, collaboration, and effective communication. In problem-based learning, students face challenging situations that require research and analysis, allowing them to acquire essential competencies for their personal and professional lives. On the other hand, project-based learning involves the completion of an extensive project that culminates in a final product, which not only motivates students by engaging them in their own learning process but also allows them to connect curricular content with real-world situations. Both approaches emphasize the importance of student autonomy, as they are responsible for their own learning and must make decisions about how to tackle the problems or projects presented. Additionally, these methodologies are inclusive and adaptable to different learning paces, promoting a more dynamic and participatory educational environment. In summary, both problem-based learning and project-based learning focus on meaningful experiences that prepare students to face the challenges of today's world.

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El Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas (ABP) se fundamenta en una serie de procesos cognitivos clave que facilitan la construcción activa del conocimiento. A partir de las teorías educativas contemporáneas, el ABP involucra procesos relacionados con el aprendizaje activo, la metacognición, la resolución de problemas y la transferencia de conocimiento.

por lo que es necesario describen los principales procesos cognitivos implicados en este enfoque pedagógico, con base en investigaciones recientes:

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