The easier way to get it is to download MODIS images like land cover products. It gives you a global view of soil types at yearly intervals (2001-2018) with a 500 m resolution (downloadable here: https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/dataprod/).
If you are more familiar with satellite images and spectral bands, you can download Sentinel 3 images from OLCI instrument. Level-2 products (OL2_LFR) provide you land information with a 300 m resolution (downloadable here: https://scihub.copernicus.eu/dhus/#/home).
If you want a good resolution in a specific area (like a country or a region), you can use traditionnal multispectral images but you have to process your own classification from the spectral bands. The most common free datasets are:
- LANDSAT images with a 30 m resolution every 8 days since 1972 (downloadable here: https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/).
- Sentinel 2 images with a 10 m resolution every 5 days since 2015 (downloadable here: https://scihub.copernicus.eu/dhus/#/home).
Anyway, you can try to access the websites using google:
- For MODIS images, enter "modis images" and click on the first link. When you access the website, click on "data", then, click on "data products" (on the left).
- For Sentinel 2 and Sentinel 3 images, enter "copernicus hub" and click on the first link. Then, click on "open hub" and the map will appears. Then, you have to draw the area you want and select Sentinel 2 or Sentinel 3 products.
- For Landsat, enter "earth explorer" and click on the first link. The map will appears. Then, you have to draw the area you want (in the "seach criteria" window) and select Landsat products.