M1 and M2 macrophages have different functions for immune responses.
M1/M2 can easily be reprogrammed due to the responsiveness of the immune system
The microenvironment influences which type of macrophage phenotype is prefered.
Using INF-Y you are able to reprogram m2 macrophages to an M1 phenotype
Using TNF-A you are able to reprogram m1 macrophages to an M2 Lineage
Macrophage
Michael's answer is perfect..!! M1 to M2 polarization is almost similar to neutrophil polarization from N1 to N2 by IFNs (I think Michael mentioned IFN-gamma as INF-Y) and TNF. In addition TGF-beta also involved in polarization of immune cells.
See this for more info
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258632456_Bladder_Cancer_Stem_Cells_Biological_and_Therapeutic_Perspectives
Article Bladder Cancer Stem Cells: Biological and Therapeutic Perspectives
Switching phenomenon of M1and M2 phenotypes may not be fully applicable to human ATMs as in mouse models. There are evidence to suggest co-existence of both phenotypes among human ATMs and its a shifting of predominant expression of pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory properties across the spectrum of mixed phenotypes. As stated above these various agents could trigger distinct signalling cascades resulting in polarisation of macrophages toward pro/anti inflammatory phenotypes.
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