please refer to the book' Mohamed A.El-Reedy,’Steel Reinforced Concrete Structures-Assessment and Repair of Corrosion ‘CRC Press,Taylor & Francis Group,New York,2008
Many parameters cause the degradation of concrete-like water, acid attack, alkali-silica reaction, chlorides, freezing & thawing, fire. These all affect the concrete durability.
Tests to measure these parameters are:
Acid resistance test
Chloride ion penetration test
water absorption test
Alkali-silica reaction
Freeze-thaw test
Study more about concrete durability, tests performed for it, and research papers.