I'm looking for possible applications of hydrogen in microchannel system, preferably other than energy applications.
These are some of the most common uses of Hydrogen
It is primarily used to create water. Hydrogen gas can be used for metallic ore reduction. Chemical industries also use it for hydrochloric acid production. The same hydrogen gas is required for atomic hydrogen welding (AHW).
Electrical generators use the gas as a rotor coolant. The element is relied upon in many manufacturing plants to check for leaks. Hydrogen can be used on its own or with other elements. Other applications include fossil fuel processing and ammonia production. Ammonia is part of many household cleaning products. It is also a hydrogenating agent used to change unhealthy unsaturated fats to saturated oils and fats.
Hydrogen is also used for methanol production. Tritium is generated in nuclear reactions. It is a radioactive isotope used to make H-bombs. It can also be used as a luminous paint radiation source. Tritium is used in biosciences as an isotopic label.
Because hydrogen is light, scientists are able to use it with weather balloons. Meteorologists’ weather balloons have this element installed. These balloons are fitted with equipment to record information necessary to study the climate. During the First World War, these were utilized in balloon airships.
Other uses of hydrogen are in the fertilizer and paint industries. It is also used in the food and chemical industries. Food industries use the element to make hydrogenated vegetable oils such as margarine and butter. In this procedure, vegetable oils are combined with hydrogen. By using nickel as a catalyst, solid fat substances are produced.
In petrochemical industry, hydrogen is required for crude oil refinements.
Welding companies use the element for welding torches. These torches are utilized for steel melting. Hydrogen is required as a reducing agent in chemical industries. Chemical industries use them for metal extraction. For example, hydrogen is needed to treat mined tungsten to make them pure.
Hydrogen is used for producing several chemical compounds. Apart from ammonia, hydrogen can be harnessed in other ways. It can be used to make fertilizers, hydrochloric acids and an assortment of bases. The same element is required for methyl alcohol production. Methyl alcohol is used in inks, varnishes and paints. Hydrogen peroxide is another vital compound.
Hydrogen peroxide is used in many ways. First and foremost it is used for medication. It is included in most first aid kits. It is primarily used for treating wounds and cuts. Peroxide is also a toenail fungus disinfectant. Hydrogen peroxide can be diluted in water. It can kill bacteria and germs if used as whitewash. The same element can be used for teeth whitening and canker sores treatment.
Hydrogen peroxide can be used in non-medical ways. Other applications include a pest controller in gardens, removing stains on clothing and functioning as a bleaching agent for cleaning homes.
Thank you Mr. Pedraza for the informative reply. Actually, I am looking for applications of hydrogen possible in micro-channel setup in particular. Can you please provide some source for detailed information on analytical chemistry of hydrogen?
A limited number of analytical techniques have been used for measuring hydrogen sulfide in the breath (expired air) . These include gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection (GC/FID), gas chromatography coupled with flame photometric detection (GC/FPD), iodometric titration, potentiometry with ion-selective electrodes (ISE), spectrophotometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Puacz et al. (1995) developed a catalytic method, based on the iodine-azide reaction, for the determination of sulfide in whole human blood. The method involves the generation of hydrogen sulfide in an evolution-absorption apparatus. In addition, the method allows for the determination of sulfide in blood without interference from other sulfur compounds in blood. This method is appropriate for the determination of sulfide in the concentration range of 4–3,000 μg/L. A percent recovery of 98–102% was achieved. Although the accuracy and precision of the catalytic method are comparable to those of the ion-selective electrode method, the catalytic method is simpler, faster, and would be advantageous in serial analysis.
Richardson and others developed a method for measuring sulfide in whole blood and feces, which overcomes the problems of viscosity and turbidity that are typical for these types of samples. Turbidity of the sample interferes with colorimetric assays such as methylene blue. In this method, samples are first treated with zinc acetate to trap the sulfide as an insoluble zinc complex. Next, a microdistillation pretreatment is used to release the complexed sulfide into a sodium hydroxide solution. This microdistillation step is coupled to ion chromatography with electron capture detection. A detection limit of 2.5 μmol/L (80 μg/L) and percent recoveries of 92–102% (feces) and 79–102% (blood) were reported. GC/FPD was employed for measuring hydrogen sulfide in human mouth air with a detection limit of 7 ppb (Blanchette and Cooper 1976) and included improvements such as calibration of the system with permeation tubes, use of a variable beam splitter to produce a wide range of vapor concentrations, and the ability to handle samples of limited volume.
For occupational measurements of airborne concentrations, NIOSH (1977a) recommended the use of a midget impinger for sampling breathing zone air and the methylene blue/spectrophotometric method for the analysis of hydrogen sulfide. The detection limit was 0.14 ppb. GC/FID has been used for quantifying sulfur volatiles such as hydrogen sulfide in human saliva (Solis and Volpe 1973). This method included microcoulometric titrations and a procedure for incubation of saliva and sampling of headspace sulfur volatile components. The amount of total sulfur volatiles detected in control samples of saliva incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours ranged from 4.55 to 13.13 ppm.
Fresh and frozen mouse tissue samples obtained from brain, liver, and kidney have been analyzed for hydrogen sulfide levels by sulfide-derived methylene blue determination using ion-interaction reversed-phase HPLC. This method can quantify nmol/g levels of sulfide. Gas dialysis/ion chromatography with ECD has been utilized for measurement of sulfide in rat brain tissue with 95–99% recovery.
The methods most commonly used to detect hydrogen sulfide in environmental samples include GC/FPD, gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC/ECD), iodometric methods, the methylene blue colorimetric or spectrophotometric method, the spot method using paper or tiles impregnated with lead acetate or mercuric chloride, ion chromatography with conductivity, and potentiometric titration with a sulfide ion-selective electrode.
Several methods for determining hydrogen sulfide in air have been investigated. GC/FPD has been widely used for analyses of hydrogen sulfide at levels ranging from 10-11 to 10-8 grams/0.56 mL and for hydrogen sulfide in emissions from tail gas controls units of sulfur recovery plants to a sensitivity of 0.5 ppmv. Sampling of a standard reference (0.055 ppm hydrogen sulfide) with this method resulted in a relative standard deviation of 1 mg/L, if interferences are absent and the loss of hydrogen sulfide from the solution is avoided. The iodometric method is best suited for the analysis of samples freshly taken (i.e., from wells and springs).
The methylene blue method is applicable to sulfide concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 20.0 mg/L. In this method, an amine-sulfuric acid reagent and a ferric chloride solution are added to the sample to produce methylene blue, which is then quantified colorimetrically. In the automated methylene blue method, a gas dialysis technique separates the sulfide from the sample matrix, which removes most inferences (i.e., turbidity and color). Addition of ascorbic acid, an antioxidant, improves sulfide recovery. The automated methylene blue method is applicable at sulfide concentrations from 0.002 to 0.100 mg/L.
Potentiometric methods using a silver electrode are also suitable for determination of sulfide concentrations in water and are unaffected by sample color or turbidly. In this method, an alkaline antioxidant reagent (AAR) and zinc acetate are added to the sample. The potential of the sample is measured using an ion selective electrode (ISE) and the measurement is compared to a calibration curve. This method is applicable for sulfide concentrations >0.03 mg/L.
Three methods for quantifying acid volatile sulfides in sediment have been used. These include methylene blue/colorimetric methods, gravimetry, and potentiometry with ion-selective electrode. Prior to measurement, the acid volatile sulfide in the sample is converted to hydrogen sulfide by acidification. The hydrogen sulfide is then purged from the sample and trapped in aqueous solution for the colorimetric and potentiometric methods. In the gravimetric method, hydrogen sulfide is trapped with silver nitrate (AgNO3), and the mass of the insoluble silver sulfide (Ag2S) that is formed is determined. The methylene blue/colorimetric method is generally preferred and is capable of determining acid volatile sulfide concentrations in sediment as low as 0.01 μmol/g (0.3 μg/g) dry weight. The gravimetric method can be used for samples with moderate or high acid volatile sulfides. However, below concentrations of acid volatile sulfides in dry sediment of 10 μmol/g (320 μg/g), accuracy may be affected by incomplete recovery of precipitate or by weighing errors. The limit of detection of the ion-selective electrode method as applied to measuring hydrogen disulfide in sediment was not reported.
GC/FPD has been used to measure hydrogen sulfide, free (uncomplexed) sulfide, and dissolved metal sulfide complexes in water (Radford-Knoery and Cutter 1993). Hydrogen sulfide was measured in the headspace of the sample (100 mL) with a detection limit of 0.6 pmol/L (20 pg/L). A detection limit of 0.2 pmol/L (6 pg/L) was obtained for total dissolved sulfide. This method allows for the determination of the concentration of free sulfide that is in equilibrium with hydrogen sulfide. Complexed sulfide can be estimated from the difference between total dissolved sulfide and free sulfide.
A molecular absorption spectrophotometry method, using a sharp-line irradiation source, has been developed for the determination of sulfide (as hydrogen sulfide) in water and sludge samples. The method was tested with measurements of real waste water samples. The limit of detection was 0.25 μg (1–10 mL sample volume).
Viswanath,
Microchannel reactors are used for some Fischer-Tropsch (aka natural gas to liquids) applications. (2N +1 ) H2 + NCO +. CnH2n+2 + N H2O.
The primary commercial use of H2 is at oil refineries (not usually microchannel reactors) to remove sulfur and Nitrogen from oil and hydrogenate aromatics. The ammonia (N2 + 3H2 => 2NH3 and Methanol (CO + 2 H2 ,=> CH3OH ) industries also use a large amount of commercially produced H2.
I hope this answers your question.
you can use it in multiple Chemical processes like to create H2O2.
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