Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) utilizes the enzymatic activity of ureolytic bacteria to transform urea into carbonate ions, which subsequently precipitate calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the presence of calcium. This process can immobilize heavy metals through co-precipitation with CaCO3, reducing their mobility and bioavailability. Research investigating MICP for heavy metal immobilization focuses on understanding the role of both microbial processes, particularly urea hydrolysis by ureolytic bacteria, and the chemical reactions involved in co-precipitation, including the influence of various environmental factors.
The uptake of heavy metals by microorganisms occurs via bioaccumulation which is an active process and/or through adsorption, which is a passive process. Several microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and algae have been used to clean up heavy metal contaminated
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