At what scale?

Dear Albert

Thanks for your kindly attention.

At plot, hillslope and watershed scale, depending on your data.

On 57 river basins in the Polimlje river basin in the North of Montenegro I have the following results:

- In the range from 200 to 300 m³/km² god:

05. Velicka Rijeka, 296.41 m³/km² god; 16.Zlorecica, 267.85 m³/km² god; 26.Kaludarska rijeka 236.20 m³/km² god; 39.Brzava, 221.84 m³/km² god; 43.Đuren potok, 220.47 m³/km² god; 57.Miocki potok; 217.91 m³/km² god; 02. Komaracka Rijeka 215.68 m³/km² god; 03. Bijeli potok 211.11 m³/km² god; 25.Bistrica, 207.76 m³/km² god.

- In the range from 100 to 200 m³/km² god:

15.Provala, 194.53 m³/km² god; 01. Đuricka Rijeka, 183.95 m³/km² god; 13.Piševska Rijeka, 180.25 m³/km² god; 17.Kraštica, 180.20 m³/km² god; 22.Vinicka rijeka, 172.53 m³/km² god; 38.Radulićka Rijeka, 164.32 m³/km² god; 52.Boljanska Rijeka, 156.30 m³/km² god; 11.Zorin potok, 155.73 m³/km² god; 20.Šekularska Rijeka, 154.91 m³/km² god; 34.Lješnica, 154.23 m³/km² god; 06. Dragovo vrelo, 152.68 m³/km² god; 29.Dapsićka rijeka, 149.51 m³/km² god; 49.Lješnica, 147.99 m³/km² god; 37.Tronoša, 147.08 m³/km² god; 30.Crepulja (Lucka rijeka), 146.53 m³/km² god; 54.Sutivanska rijeka, 143.20 m³/km² god; 09. Murinska rijeka,142.43; 14.Zim potok, 140.11 m³/km² god; 55.Orahovacka rijeka, 138.92 m³/km² god; 46.Pepića Rijeka 138.41 m³/km² god; 36.Bioricki potok, 131.98 m³/km² god; 56.Bistrica, 129.50 m³/km² god; 28.Sušica, 129.04 m³/km² god; 33.Seocki potok, 124.07 m³/km² god; 18.Malski potok,118.44 m³/km² god; 23.Rovacki potok, 117.19 m³/km² god; 32.Tifran, 115.51 m³/km² god; 9.Trepcanska rijeka, 111.85 m³/km² god; 12.Duboki potok, 111.65 m³/km² god; 41.Duboki potok, 111.50 m³/km² god; 10.Šeremetski potok, 111.09 m³/km² god; 04. Novšićki potok, 109.20 m³/km² god; 44.Uvezacki potok, 108.75 m³/km² god; 07. Pepićka rijeka 07.82 m³/km² god; 31.Bošnjak 107.76 m³/km² god; 53.Kisjele vode, 106.79 m³/km² god; 50.Lipnica, 104.42 m³/km² god; 45.LjuboviĊa, 102.89 m³/km² god; 40.Rakljanska Rijeka, 102.07 m³/km² god; 48.Rastocki potok, 101.47 m³/km² god; 47.Nikolin potok, 101.13 m³/km² god.

- In the range from 0 to 100 m³/km² god:

42.Ramcina, 91.04 m³/km² god; 35.Karlicića potok, 81.28 m³/km² god; 24.Krivaja, 79.46 m³/km² god; 08. Krivacki potok, 77.15 m³/km² god; 51.Nedakusi, 53.95 m³/km² god; 27.Makva, 41.00 m³/km² god; 21.Navotinski potok, 36.98 m³/km² god.

We used the Intensity of Erosion and Outflow (IntErO) program package (Spalevic, 2011) to obtain data on forecasts of maximum runoff from the basin and soil erosion intensity. Sediment yields were calculated on 347,273 m3/year for the 57 basins of Polimlje.

The calculations for the Polimlje region correspond to the measuring done by the engineers Muhidin Begic and Milosav Vranic (0.35 x 106m3) obtained at the Potpec accumulation, which is downstream from the study area. This correspondence suggests that the assessment results of actual losses of soil erosion potential obtained by IntErO model are eligible for the study area.

According to Babic et al (2003) from the “Jaroslav Černi” Institute for the Development of Water Resources (JCI), the leading research organization in Serbia’s water sector, real soil losses are 350 m³/km² per year for the Lim river basin (Polimlje, Fig. 1). By using the IntErO software to estimate the soil losses per km2 in 57 river basins of Polimlje, we found that the average value is 331.78 m³/km² per year (Spalevic, 2011). This correspondence suggests that the results of the assessment obtained by IntErO model are eligible for the study area of Polimlje in Montenegro.

Comparison between this model and direct measurements of sediment transport was also done by Tazioli (2009). The study was applied to different equipped basins in Italy and Africa. The numerical results obtained for some basins in the Marche region (Italy) are compared with empirical formula for the calculation of erosion. Conclusion of the research of Tazioli was that this model is particularly useful for small and medium water courses (similar to those of the Apennine ranges in Italy), allowing an assessment of the erosion in the whole watershed.

This methodology is in use also in Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, Montenegro, Macedonia, Serbia and Slovenia. The EPM is distinguished by its high degree of reliability in calculating sediment yields as well as transport and reservoir sedimentation.

Erosion potential method (EPM) is embedded in the algorithm of IntErO computer-graphic method.

Spalevic, V. (2011): Impact of land use on runoff and soil erosion in Polimlje. Doctoral thesis; p 1-260. Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Belgrade, Serbia.

Polimlje:

43.245703 N, 19.580383 E (North);

42.508046 N, 19.905853 E (South);

43.148092 N, 19.485626 E (West);

42.963960 N, 20.120087 E (East).

Dear Velibor

Thank you indeed.

Dear Juan

Thank you indeed.

Well I think this is really high erosion rate you measured.

Please add some information about the slope and rainfall intensity.

Dear Juan

Thank you again.

I will read them. Please let me contact you in case of any clarification.

Have a look on page 752 of the paper

R. Jayakrishnan, R. Srinivasan, C. Santhi and J. G. Arnold

Advances in the application of the SWAT model for water resources management

http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/39452/PDF

Figure 1 shows a map of average annual sediment load to streams simulated by SWAT in the United States

R. Jayakrishnan, R. Srinivasan, C. Santhi and J. G. Arnold

Advances in the application of the SWAT model for water resources management

http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/39452/PDF

Monthly calibration and validation results at Hico in Bosque river basin

Sediment (tonnes/ha)

0.045 observed mean

0.038 simulated mean

Monthly calibration and validation results at Valley Mills in Bosque river basin

Sediment (tonnes/ha)

0.086 observed mean

0.069 simulated mean

Dear Velibor

Nice information you kindly gave all of us.

Thank you indeed.

In fact, the average rate of sediment yield in Iran is about 17 tones/ha/year based on 319 hydrometric stations data. this average rate is more than twice or maybe three times the global average (different resources).

In case of maximum observed rates, there are some sites with observed sediment yield more than 33 tones/ha/year.

In case of Europe, there is a good information in the attached paper link entitled:

"REGIONAL DIFFERENCES AND SCALE DEPENDENCY OF SEDIMENT YIELD IN EUROPE"

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=%22regional%20differences%20and%20scale%20dependency%20of%20sediment%20yield%20in&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CDAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Facwi.gov%2Fsos%2Fpubs%2F2ndJFIC%2FContents%2F2B_Vanmaercke_12_10_09_paper.pdf&ei=4jAcUvDfJ6eD4gTksoDYAQ&usg=AFQjCNF04EQT19MVUP3KQp4KJuGbiG73Fw&bvm=bv.51156542,d.bGE

Dear Thomas

Thanks for your participation.

Dear Abdulvahed,

We have measured natural erosion rates and man-made soil losses in the Central Highlands of Sri Lanka. The rates and their comparison can be found in the following paper.

Hewawasam Tilak, Friedhelm von Blanckenburg, Mirjam Schaller and Peter Kubik; Increase of human over natural erosion rates in tropical Highlands constrained by cosmogenic nuclides, 2003, Geology, 31, 597-600.

Tilak

Dear Tilak

Thank you for your participation.

I requested your full text paper in your RG profile.

Hi,

I have uploaded a soft copy of he paper into RG. Hope that you have found it.

Tilak

Dear Tilak

Thank you very much. I found it.

6 tonnes/ha

Dear Shantu

Thank you for your participation.

- Where was your study area? Please, if it's possible, tell me the geographic coordinates.

- What about the main conditions (topography, land use, soil and climate)?

- What method did you use to measure soil erosion?

This is the soil erosion data of Nepal. Himalayan region is very fragile and seasonal heavy rain triggers soil erosion and landslides.

Dear Bhatt

Thank you for your participation.

Very interested data from Himalayan region, but estimated soil erosion rates are shown in the table.

Do you have any measured data?

No, I don't have any measured data. You may find some literatures on icimod.org/himaldoc.

85 t/ha/year on 9% slope cultivated fallow of 22.13 m length on sandy loam soil in Gujarat, India (Location Vasad, Dist. Anand)

Dear Kurothe

Thank you for your contribution.

Would you please give some information about rainfall characteristics (Intensity, duration, I30, . . .)

Information attached

Soil loss upto 86t/ha/yr is reported in hilly regions of northeast india

Dear colleagues,

According to my findings (period of research 1999-2011) real soil loses from the 57 river basins in Polimlje, North of Montenegro (m³/km² year) are the following:

Polimlje

43.245703 N, 19.580383 E (on the N);

42.508046 N, 19.905853 E (on the S);

43.148092 N, 19.485626 E (on the W);

42.963960 N, 20.120087 E (on the E).

(05) Velicka Rijeka, 296.41 m³/km² year; (16) Zlorecica, 267.85 m³/km² year; (26) Kaludarska rijeka 236.20 m³/km² year; (39) Brzava, 221.84 m³/km² year; (43) Đuren potok, 220.47 m³/km² year; (57) Miocki potok; 217.91 m³/km² year; (02) Komaracka Rijeka 215.68 m³/km² year; (03) Bijeli potok 211.11 m³/km² year; (25) Bistrica, 207.76 m³/km² year; (15) Provala, 194.53 m³/km² year; (01) Đuricka Rijeka, 183.95 m³/km² year; (13) Piševska Rijeka, 180.25 m³/km² year; (17) Kraštica, 180.20 m³/km² year; (22) Vinicka rijeka, 172.53 m³/km² year; (38) Radulićka Rijeka, 164.32 m³/km² year; (52) Boljanska Rijeka, 156.30 m³/km² year; (11) Zorin potok, 155.73 m³/km² year; (20) Šekularska Rijeka, 154.91 m³/km² year; (34) Lješnica, 154.23 m³/km² year; (06) Dragovo vrelo, 152.68 m³/km² year; (29) Dapsićka rijeka, 149.51 m³/km² year; (49) Lješnica, 147.99 m³/km² year; (37) Tronoša, 147.08 m³/km² year; (30) Crepulja (Lucka rijeka), 146.53 m³/km² year; (54) Sutivanska rijeka, 143.20 m³/km² year; (09) Murinska rijeka,142.43; (14) Zim potok, 140.11 m³/km² year; (55) Orahovacka rijeka, 138.92 m³/km² year; (46) Pepića Rijeka 138.41 m³/km² year; (36) Bioricki potok, 131.98 m³/km² year; (56) Bistrica, 129.50 m³/km² year; (28) Sušica, 129.04 m³/km² year; (33) Seocki potok, 124.07 m³/km² year; (18) Malski potok,118.44 m³/km² year; (23) Rovacki potok, 117.19 m³/km² year; (32) Tifran, 115.51 m³/km² year; (19) Trepcanska rijeka, 111.85 m³/km² year; (12) Duboki potok, 111.65 m³/km² year; (41) Duboki potok, 111.50 m³/km² year; (10) Šeremetski potok, 111.09 m³/km² year; (04) Novšićki potok, 109.20 m³/km² year; (44) Uvezacki potok, 108.75 m³/km² year; (07) Pepićka rijeka 107.82 m³/km² year; (31) Bošnjak 107.76 m³/km² year; (53) Kisjele vode, 106.79 m³/km² god; (50) Lipnica, 104.42 m³/km² year; (45) LjuboviĊa, 102.89 m³/km² year; (40) Rakljanska Rijeka, 102.07 m³/km² year; (48) Rastocki potok, 101.47 m³/km² year; (47) Nikolin potok, 101.13 m³/km² year; (42) Ramcina, 91.04 m³/km² year; (35) Karlicića potok, 81.28 m³/km² year; (24) Krivaja, 79.46 m³/km² year; (08) Krivacki potok, 77.15 m³/km² year; (51) Nedakusi, 53.95 m³/km² god; (27) Makva, 41.00 m³/km² year; (21) Navotinski potok, 36.98 m³/km² year.

Real soil loses for 57 river basins of Polimlje (on the territory of Montenegro) are 347,273 m3/year (area of around 2158 km2).

SOURCE:

Main Source:

Spalevic, V. (2011): Impact of land use on runoff and soil erosion in Polimlje. Doctoral thesis, 260p, Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Belgrade, Serbia.

Specific:

Velibor SPALEVIC, Kemal GRBOVIC, Kosta GLIGOREVIC, Milic CUROVIC and Paolo BILLI (2013): CALCULATION OF RUNOFF AND SOIL EROSION ON THE TIFRAN WATERSHED, POLIMLJE, NORTH-EAST OF MONTENEGRO. Agriculture & Forestry, Vol. 59. Issue 4: 5-17, 2013, Podgorica

Spalevic, V., M. Curovic, V. Tanaskovik, M. Oljaca, N. Djurovic (2013): The impact of land use on soil erosion and run-off in the Krivaja river basin in Montenegro. The First International Symposium on Agricultural Engineering, 4th - 6th October 2013, Belgrade–Zemun, Serbia, VI: 1-14.

Spalevic, V., J. Nyssen, M. Curovic, T. Lenaerts, A. Kerckhof, K. Annys, J. Van Den Branden, A. Frankl (2013a): Тhe impact of land use on soil erosion in the river basin Boljanska rijeka in Мontenegro. In proceeding of the 4th International Symposium “Agrosym 2013” (3-6 October, 2013, Jahorina, Bosnia). Key note speakers, p. 54-63.

Spalevic, V., M. Curovic, N. Uzen, I. Simunic, M. Vukelic-Shutoska (2013b): Calculation of soil erosion intensity and runoff in the river basin of Ljesnica, Northeast of Montenegro. In proceeding of the 24th International Scientific-Expert Conference on Agriculture and Food Industry, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Spalevic, V., I. Simunic, M. Vukelic-Sutoska, N. Uzen and M. Curovic (2013d): Prediction of the soil erosion intensity from the river basin Navotinski, Polimlje (Northeast Montenegro). Agriculture and Forestry 59 (2): 9-20 (Online).

Spalevic, V., W. Mahoney, N. Đurović, N. Üzen and M. Curovic (2012): Calculation of soil erosion intensity and maximum outflow from the Rovacki river basin, Montenegro. Agriculture and Forestry 58 (3): 7-21(Online).

Spalevic, V., M. Curovic, D. Borota and B. Fuštić, B. (2008): Soil erosion in the River Basin Zeljeznica, area of Bar, Montenegro. Agriculture and Forestry 54 (1-4): 5-24.

Spalevic, V., M. Curovic, and A. Povilaitis (2007): Conditions of soil erosion in the Komarača river basin, North-East of Montenegro. Paper presented at conference Erosion and Torrent Control as a Factor in Sustainable River Basin Management, Belgrade.

Spalevic, V., M. Curovic, A. Povilaitis and S. Radusinović (2003): Estimate of Maximum Outflow and Soil Erosion in the Biogradska River Basin. Monographs, No.1, Biodiversity of the Biogradska Gora National Park, ed. V.

Spalevic, V., G. Seker, B. Fuštić and Ristić R. Šekularac (2003): Conditions of erosion of soil in the drainage basin of the Crepulja - Lucka River. Paper presented at, Natural and Socioeconomic effects of Erosion Control in Mountainous Regions, pp. 287-292, Banja Vrujci, Srbija, Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade, World Ass. of Soil&Water Conservation.

Spalevic, V., B. Fuštić, S. Šoškić and R. Ristić (2001): The estimate of maximum outflow and soil erosion intensity in the Vinicka river basin with application of computer graphic methods. Agriculture and Forestry 47 (3-4): 95-104.

Spalevic, V., Fustic, B., Jovović, Z., Curovic, M., Spalevic, B., Popovic. V. (2000): Characteristics of erosion processes and proposal of land reclamation measures in the drainage basin of the Šekularska river. Agriculture and Forestry 46(3-4): 2-18.

Spalevic V., A. Dlabač , B. Spalevic, B. Fuštić and V. Popović (2000a): Application of computer - graphic methods in the research of runoff and intensity of ground erosion - I program "River basins". Agriculture and Forestry 46 (1-2): 19-36.

Spalevic, V. (1999): Application of computer-graphic methods in the studies of draining out and intensities of ground erosion in the Berane valley. Master thesis, Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Belgrade, Serbia, 135p.

Spalevic, V., D. Dubak, B. Fuštić, Z. Jovović and R. Ristić (1999a): The estimate of the maximum outflow and soil erosion intensity in the Kaludra River basin. Acta Agriculturae Serbica IV(8): 79-89.

Detailed information on this data you may find on some of my papers published in the journal "Agriculture and Forestry":

Web: www.agricultforest.ac.me

http://www.agricultforest.ac.me/search.php?type=author&key=spale

Dr Velibor SPALEVIC

Mob: +382 67 201 222;

Mob: +382 69 201 222;

Mob: +382 69 126 634;

Mob: +381 61 683 6283;

E-mail: [email protected]

E-mail: [email protected]

Web: www.agricultforest.ac.me

Dear Manoj Kumar

Thank you so much for your contribution.

Would you please give some more details or introduce published paper about study area?

Dear Velibor Spalevic

Thank you again for your kindly contribution.

Regards

Tomorrow i'll send you the papers.

Dear AKD:

Two recent papers on soil erosion in India and northeastern India are attached here.

Hope this will help you.

Best wishes!

The second paper is attached here.

Dear Dr. Kumar

Thank you for your kindly contribution.

Regards

In our study in Poland, where soil erosion rates and sediment yields are generally seen as low by global standards, we indicated that reservoir sedimentation is a problem and there is a need to develop and validate a method for soil losses and for estimating catchment sediment yields. In the lowland part of the country the specific suspended sediment yield is as low as 5 t/km2/year (mean for the catchment of 82 km2 and for ca 30 years) and in mountain areas (Carpathians) is up to 110 t/km2/year (mean for the catchment of 785 km2 and for ca 50 years). Soil loss estimated from the catchments is 54 t/km2/year and 1060 t/km2/year, respectively. Detailed description could be found in the publications:

Brański, J. & Banasik K. (1996) Sediment yields and denudation rates in Poland. In: Erosion and Sediment Yield: Global and Regional Perspectives (ed. by D. E. Walling & B. W. Webb) (Proc. Exeter Symp., July 1996), 133–138. IAHS Publ. 236. IAHS Press, Wallingford, UK.

Banasik, K., Barszcz, M. & Brański, J. (2005) Major components of a sediment budget for four river catchments in Poland. In: Sediment Budgets II (ed. by A. J. Horowitz & D. E. Walling), 32–36. IAHS Publ. 292. IAHS Press, Wallingford, UK.

Banasik K., Gorski D., Popek Z. & Hejduk L. (2012) Estimating the annual sediment yield of a small agricultural catchment in central Poland. In: Erosion and Sediment Yields in the Changing Environment (Ed. by A.E. Collins, V. Golosov, A.J. Horowitz, X. Lu, M. Stone, D.E. Walling and X. Zhang). IAHS Publ. 356. Wallingford, IAHS Press, 267-275.

Dear Professor Banasik

Thank you very much for your kindly contribution.

Regards

Dear Dr Juan: your findings are really interesting. Have you published these findings? If so, could you please share a PDF of your paper. Thanks!

Dear Dr. Juan

Thank you for your contribution. Please address the published paper, if there is.

Thank you again

Dear colleague,

you find data from Europe in the 2 papers of a colleague and me:

The history of soil erosion and fluvial deposits in small catchments of central Europe: Deciphering the long-term interaction between humans and the environment — A review. Geomorphology. M. Dotterweich, Volume 101, Issues 1–2, 1 October 2008, Pages 192–208

Historical soil erosion by water in Germany: Scales and archives, chronology, research perspectives. S. Dreibrodt et al., Quaternary International, Volume 222, Issues 1–2, 1 August 2010, Pages 80–95.

I can send you proofs if you are interested.

Best

Stefan

Thanks Dr Stefan. could you please send me these papers to: [email protected]

Regards,

Dear Dr. Stefan

Thank you for your contribution.

Regards

Dear Dr. Marzolff

Thank you for your contribution.

Regards

Our research group has measured soil loss rates in excess of 200 t/ha/yr. We often measure rates in excess of 50 t/ha/yr. These rates are observed on hilltops of ridges and knolls. Similar rates can be observed at the upper slope position of any slope, if one looks. These losses are not the result of wind and water erosion, they are the result of tillage erosion.

Dear Professor Lobb

Thank you very much for your contribution.

Would you please address your papers which those results have been published in?

Thanks again

Our research group measures post-fire erosion rates, and I can indicate some maximum records:

Eucalypt: 7.62 Mg.ha-1.year-1

Pine:0.39 Mg.ha-1.year-1

in:

Vieira D.C.S., Prats S.A., Nunes J.P., Shakesby R.A., Coelho C.O.A., Keizer J.J. (2014) Modelling runoff and erosion, and their mitigation, in burned Portuguese forest using the revised Morgan–Morgan–Finney model. Forest Ecology and Management. 314, 150-165.

Pine 3.61 Mg.ha-1.year-1

in:

Prats S.A., Malvar M.C., Vieira D.C.S., MacDonald L., Keizer J.J. (2013) Effectiveness of Hydromulching to reduce runoff and erosion in a recently burnt Pine plantation in Central Portugal. Land Degradation & Development.

Both studies at plot scale.

Best Wishes

Di

please see and comment on our new paper in discussion review (NHESS) on massive erosion along roads in China

Epic landslide erosion from mountain roads in Yunnan, China – challenges for sustainable development

Author(s): R.C. Sidle et al.

MS No.: nhess-2014-116

MS Type: Research Article

The paper is now accessible and open for Interactive Public Discussion until 29 Jul 2014 at: http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/2/3887/2014/

Dear Diana

Thank you very much for your kindly contribution.

Dear Alexia

Thank you very much for your kindly contribution.

For the whole Europe between 200-325 t/ha annually

The variety of units used to express soil loss is noteworthy.  There are pros and cons for using mass-based and volume-based units.  Mass is normally used because of the problems associated with the variability in bulk density.

In your question you have used Imperial tons with Metric hectares -- this may be a simple mistake. Use tonnes or Mg per hectare.

Dear Professor Lobb

Thanks a lot for your attention.

Regards

Dear Professor Lobb

Thanks a lot for your attention.

Regards

Dear Professor Lobb

Thanks a lot for your attention.

Regards