I wanna ask what are the conditions favorable for transmitting energy when we have Soil over Limestone or when we have Water over Sandstone for instance and someone is shooting from Soil or Water respectively. What problems would likely be face in both cases and a practical solution to it.
Problem 1. No sound reflection from gas-saturated muds. Problem 2. Strong attenuation of sound in liquid silts. Problem 3. Sound refraction (beam bending and elongation) in marine seismic acoustics: in rock formations; in gas-saturated silts.
Hammed,
The general question of how to get the best seismic reflection data is the subject of several books from the Society of Exploration Geophysicists.
There is not as much discussion as to where, but in my experience it is with "soft rocks". Basins filled with less consolidated sediments like the Gulf of Mexico or the Niger Delta are imaged many miles below the surface. "Hard rocks" have higher velocities, stronger reflections and allow less energy to penetrate deeper.
Perhaps you are looking at shallower applications, but limestone will be a very strong reflector. That may be good but you may not see much deeper. Sandstone would have a smaller reflection strength but more transmission.
Soil generally presents no problems with large sources (vibrators or explosives); if you are going out with a hammer and plate the thinner soil the better. In dry areas, surface sediments with a lot of air are a special problem. Water is not a problem theoretically, but you need different equipment. There is more offshore than onshore seismic reflection data from around the world. For a small survey in shallow water, you would probably plant hydrophones on the water bottom. That is a lot of work.
Regards,
Jim Ballard
Hammed, I recommend reading one of these books to understand the basic theory and physical concepts of Exploration Seismology: your question has no sense at all.
- Sheriff, Robert E., and Lloyd P. Geldart. Problems in Exploration Seismology and their solutions. Tulsa, OK: Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2004. doi:10.1190/1.9781560801733 [1]
- Sheriff, Robert E. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Geophysics. Tulsa, OK: Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2002. Print. doi:10.1190/1.9781560802969
- Sheriff, Robert E., and Alistair R. Brown. Reservoir Geophysics. Tulsa, OK: Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1992. Print. ISBN 1560800577.
- Sheriff, Robert E., W.M. Telford, W.M., and Lloyd P. Geldart. Applied Geophysics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1990. Print.
- Sheriff, Robert E. Geophysical Methods. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1989. Print. ISBN 0-13-352568-6.
- Sheriff, Robert E., and Lloyd P. Geldart. Exploration Seismology. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1982. Print. ISBN 978-0521468268.
- Sheriff, Robert E. Seismic Stratigraphy. Boston: International Human Resources Development, 1980. Print. ISBN 0-934634-08-4.
Best regards, Mario E. Sigismondi
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