As far as my knowledge goes, the known effects of metaphor in most discourse types are partial structuring of target domains, evaluation, and persuasiveness.
A metaphor is a type of a figurative speech in discourse that intentionally breaks the semantic features of a sentence. When we say: "Walls have ears". Semantically, the word "Walls" is (- animate) and the word "ears" has the feature (+ Human)". Thus, the sentence is odd semantically, but it is right metaphorically. The hearer will not understand it literally, but metaphorically.
The fields of semantics, semiotics and discourses analysis, there are overlapping. We cannot separate these areas. The author never introduces a metaphor into the text without a specific purpose. Therefore, metaphor affects the mental form of the audience. A writer is like a director who brings a particular character to the stage in a particular place with a particular purpose. If, without considering the meaning, he brings the character just for the beauty of the scene, the artistic value of his work will be reduced...
Metaphor, as a semiotic structure, has a profound impact on the form and meaning of discourse. It plays a crucial role in language and communication by enabling us to understand abstract concepts, make connections between different domains, and express complex ideas in more accessible and vivid ways. Here are some key effects of metaphor on discourse:
Conceptual Mapping: Metaphor involves mapping elements from one domain (source domain) onto another (target domain). This mapping allows us to understand and reason about abstract or unfamiliar concepts by relating them to more concrete or familiar ones. For example, when we say "time is money," we are mapping the concept of time onto the economic domain, implying that time should be valued and spent wisely. This conceptual mapping shapes the form and meaning of discourse by providing a framework for understanding and expressing ideas.
Embodied Experience: Metaphor often draws on our bodily experiences and sensorimotor knowledge. Our physical experiences and perceptions influence the way we conceptualize abstract ideas. For instance, we use metaphors such as "grasping an idea" or "feeling down" to convey abstract concepts like understanding or sadness. By grounding abstract concepts in concrete bodily experiences, metaphor adds depth and richness to discourse, making it more engaging and relatable.
Persuasion and Framing: Metaphor can be a powerful tool for persuasion and framing in discourse. By framing an issue or argument in a particular metaphorical way, speakers or writers can shape how others perceive and interpret the topic. Metaphors can evoke emotions, create vivid mental images, and influence people's attitudes and beliefs. Political speeches often employ metaphors to frame complex policy issues in ways that resonate with the audience and shape their understanding.
Creativity and Expressiveness: Metaphor enhances the creativity and expressiveness of discourse. It allows us to convey complex ideas or emotions in a concise and evocative manner. Metaphorical language can evoke imagery, evoke emotions, and engage the reader or listener's imagination. Poets, writers, and artists extensively use metaphorical expressions to create vivid and impactful works.
Cultural and Contextual Variation: Metaphor use is influenced by cultural and contextual factors. Different cultures may have distinct metaphorical systems, which shape the way people perceive and express ideas. Additionally, the interpretation and effectiveness of metaphors can vary depending on the context, including social, political, or historical factors. A metaphor that works well in one context may not have the same impact in another, highlighting the importance of considering cultural and contextual nuances in discourse.
In summary, metaphor, as a semiotic structure, significantly shapes the form and meaning of discourse. It enables conceptual mapping, draws on embodied experience, influences persuasion and framing, enhances creativity and expressiveness, and exhibits cultural and contextual variations. By employing metaphors effectively, speakers and writers can engage their audience, convey complex ideas, and shape how concepts are understood and interpreted.
Metaphor is a kind of expansion of speech and behavior of significance, it is formed in a conscious way by combining the imagined and the truth, in which emotion mixes with thought, and it is nothing more than a form of liberation; Because it is a conscious and rebellious practice against the laws of the ordinary that leads to an understanding of the intentions with the aim of excitement and persuasion. However, metaphorical acceptance is fraught with many dangers, as its path may be blocked, if a rift occurs in the circle of communication, as the creator and recipient must be close in ideology, to create some balance and adaptation between them. There must be a philosophical and jurisprudential entity that indicates understanding, or adaptation to the achieved semantic given. Metaphor is not only related to private taste and individual inclinations, it is not only an artistic phenomenon that is described as ugliness or approval, because it is a way of human thinking, and his own way of expression, it is intellectual awareness and linguistic management, and the right of the self in its visions of the worlds, and its share of creativity, and an expression of its freedom from restrictions. Understanding and realizing without exaggeration and excess, and thus is the release of the poetic metaphor that may be captured by the authority of normative taste. Metaphor is a linguistic phenomenon that bears the values, functions, knowledge and sciences that the language bears. It is - as "Umberto Eco" sees - the engine of renewal; Because it represents an unexpected result, and the attempt to understand and comprehend it makes it a semiotic mechanism that is manifested in all systems of signs in a way that refers the linguistic interpretation to semiotic mechanisms that are not of the nature of the language used in speech. Therefore, it is studied to find out its pragmatic, interpretive, semantic, and cognitive dimensions, claiming that it transcends the impressionistic view, which sees that metaphor is merely a departure from the expressive habit of replacing the properties of the thing or transferring it to something else that gives the image a meaning other than its original meaning. . We discuss metaphor as "the subject of philosophical, linguistic, aesthetic and psychological thinking" that is understood through interpretation and understanding, in order to know its pragmatic dimensions, especially when it interacts with psychological, semiotic, linguistic, symbolic, mythological, intertextual, and ideological mechanisms, and then it must be studied in its text and context; Because it does not live without a soul, or when it is isolated from its circumstances that produced it, and the activities that surrounded it in its inception and formation, so its formation is within a holistic vision that is not truncated from thought, awareness and conscience. It lives according to the social and cultural laws that regulate its deliberative acceptance. Hence, it constitutes a semiotic system, and the semiotics of metaphor pass through the semiotics of culture, which makes it semantically acceptable, and makes it in terms of humility achieve communication open to understanding and interpretation. Metaphor formation is the pillar of imagination and creativity, as the combination of things presents an innovative image that does not exist in reality, but it is combined in the perceptions when it comes specific to the activities of transformation, replacement, interaction, repulsion, strangeness, and growth, as it is one of the semantic variables that reveal the poet’s abilities to transform meanings, changing them, and deforming them, so they express the heresy of innovative poetic images in speech.