Dear Seyi Festus Olatoyinbo . See the following useful RG links: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression

https://www.apa.org/science/about/psa/2015/11/depression-adolescents

Article The Public Health Impact of Major Depression: A Call for Int...

Article Depression as a disease of modernity: Explanations for incre...

https://www.psychguides.com/depression/

https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/effects-on-body

Kindly see also the following useful RG links: Article Environmental Exposures and Depression: Biological Mechanism...

https://omjournal.org/PDF/RW-OMJ-D-18-00144%20(08C).pdf

Article Evolution and Emerging Trends in Depression Research From 20...

https://www.healthline.com/health/depression

Also check please the following useful RG links: Article Depression: A global public health concern

Article Major Depression: Causes or Effects?

https://www.ssph-journal.org/articles/10.3389/ijph.2021.634904/full

The following RG links are also very useful: Article Determining depression and related factors in a society affe...

Article Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general ...

https://www.psycom.net/depression

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-psychiatric-sciences/article/depression-major-problem-for-public-health/D921405C59F60251AAAED231370797AA

Article Social Networking Sites, Depression, and Anxiety: A Systematic Review

Depression is a mental health disorder characterised by persistently depressed mood or loss of interest in activities, causing significant impairment in daily life. Possible causes include a combination of biological, psychological and social sources of distress. Increasingly, research suggests that these factors may cause changes in brain function, including altered activity of certain neural circuits in the brain https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007?utm_source=Google&utm_medium=abstract&utm_content=Major-depression&utm_campaign=Knowledge-panel

Visit kindly the following useful RG links: Article Monitoring Depression Rates in an Urban Community: Use of El...

Article Major Depressive Disorder: Advances in Neuroscience Research...

https://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/public/publications/mental/depression.aspx

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/48585

https://www.bps.org.uk/sites/www.bps.org.uk/files/Member%20Networks/Divisions/DCP/Understanding%20depression.pdf

https://www.nursingtimes.net/roles/mental-health-nurses/symptoms-and-causes-of-depression-and-its-diagnosis-and-management-30-03-2020/

In the line of your question regarding the depression ,about 5 years back I have submitted my article which now I submit with you for your thinking phase & let me have your views in this line .

This is my personal opinion.

Prof. Aref Wazwaz What an overwhelming response!!! Your insightful and useful links are heartily appreciated. My best regards always, Sir.

You are most welcome dear

Prof. Seyi Festus Olatoyinbo . Thank you so much for your very kind words . Wish you the best always.

Chinaza Godswill Awuchi Thanks for your valuable contribution. Well appreciated!!!

Rohit Manilal Parikh Thanks for your valued response. Your manuscript will be accorded the required attention. Cheers!!!

Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. Also called major depressive disorder or clinical depression, it affects how we feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems.

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

Depression can reduce a person’s motivation to make positive lifestyle choices. Depression may also be an independent risk factor for heart health problems.

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322395#symptoms

Also, kindly check:

https://www.verywellmind.com/physical-effects-of-depression-1066890

Research suggests that depression doesn't spring from simply having too much or too little of certain brain chemicals. Rather, there are many possible causes of depression, including faulty mood regulation by the brain, genetic vulnerability, and stressful life events. Different causes can often combine to trigger depression; there is no single cause. A diagnosis of major depressive disorder (clinical depression) means you have felt sad, low or worthless most days for at least two weeks while also having other symptoms such as sleep problems, loss of interest in activities, or change in appetite. In this sense, it is a self-regulation problem, with chronification of a certain mood. Practical pathways out are:

Being depressed can make you feel helpless.

Along with therapy and sometimes medication, there's a lot you can do on your own to fight back. Changing your behavior -- your physical activity, lifestyle, and even your way of thinking -- are all natural depression treatments.

I recommend:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_optimism

https://www.verywellmind.com/learned-optimism-4174101

——————

Presentation QUANTIFYING MENTAL HEALTH

Ill mental health with diseases like Depression(Leading cause Loss of DALY) have multifactorial causation.

There are hereditary factors , physical factors like other comorbid diseases like toxins , tumors , metabolic or endocrine effects.

There are certain important socio-environmental factors as well like frustration, unhappy marriages, broken homes , poverty , economic insecurity , drug addiction, sexual assault , work pressure to name a few

Since prevention is better than cure , adopting healthy lifestyle with good diet , sleep, meditation, physical activity like exercise , swimming , Yoga , abstinence from substance abuse ,may help

Manal Hadi Kanaan Thanks for your elucidation and relevant links. Well appreciated!!!

Stephen I. Ternyik Your detailed educative response is well appreciated. My best regards!!!

Suraj Kapoor Thanks for your insightful contribution. Best regards!!!

Dear Dr Seyi Festus Olatoyinbo , I agree with researchers that depression contributes to a wide array of physical problems that affect everything from the heart to ones immune system. Depression can affect the immune system, making it harder for ones body to fight infection. Depression can reduce one’s motivation to make positive lifestyle choices, thus the risk of heart disease increases when one eat a poor diet and have a sedentary lifestyle. Depression leads to chronic fatigue, decreased appetite, Insomnia, lack of deep sleep, or oversleeping. Although antidepressant medications are helpful, also therapy and exercise do help as well.

Depression is also a leading cause of disability globally and contributes greatly to the global burden of disease. Even though psychological and pharmacological treatments exist for depression, however, in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), treatment and support services for depression are often absent. According to report from the World Health Organization, over 75% of individuals suffering from mental disorders in LMIC countries do not receive treatment. Depression is a serious public health challenge.

Osaretin Christabel Okonji Your valuable contribution is well appreciated. Cheers!!!

Seyi Festus Olatoyinbo

Depression causes alterations in the structure and function of immune cells.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-022-01911-3

Thanks!

Literally if we speak depression is our own created frame of expectations...we think it in uncommon way...in a science we think its chemistry....as wehave to go for psychopathological examination too...

Please read following article,...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17062370/#:~:text=fMRI%20has%20already%20produced%20a,increased%20possibly%20compensatory%20activity%20to

Datta Ashok Nalle Thanks for your insight on the subject matter. Best regards!!!

Seyi Festus Olatoyinbo thank you much sir..

Depression can be the results of many factors . It can be genetic; such as a patient has a family history of depression. Personal trauma and sources of stress, such as a failed relationship or a lost job, can also cause depression.

Depression Symptoms, Causes and Effects - PsychGuides.com

https://www.psychguides.com › depression

Dr. Lamia Mustafa Al-Naama Thanks for your succinct but insightful contribution. Well appreciated!!!

Stephen above is correct. Depression, its causes, nature and effects are variable. Recent research is rejecting chemical imbalance. Chemical Imbalance. Is it true? RG

Stanley Wilkin Thanks for your lending your voice to the discussion. Well appreciated!!!

Stanley Wilkin Thanks for your lending your voice to the discussion. Well appreciated!!!

Depression should be dealt with as a natural, if sometimes extreme, expression of human nature. In the past many words were employed to describe this state of mind and its attachment to philosophical reflection for example has been lost through medicalisation. Melancholy has been lost as a suitable response to the world (war, disaster, murder) but now all conditions tend to be examined as chemical imbalance, which modern research is starting to dismiss. A psychiatric myth?

Stanley Wilkin Thanks for your perspective on the subject matter. Best regards!!!

A new study sheds light on the neurologic underpinnings of late-life depression (LLD) with apathy and its frequently poor response to treatment. Investigators headed analyzed baseline and posttreatment brain MRIs and functional MRIs (fMRIs) of older adults with depression who participated in a 12-week open-label nonrandomized clinical trial of escitalopram. This study suggests that, among older adults with depression, distinct network abnormalities may be associated with apathy and poor response to first-line pharmacotherapy and may serve as promising targets for novel interventions:

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2794700

An international study on vitamin D supplements and depression found the pills could alleviate depression symptoms.

https://www.insider.com/vitamin-d-supplements-may-reduce-depression-symptoms-study-2022-8

When people encounter desperate, intractable and very important things, they can evoke some depressive physiological reactions. But healthy people will evoke very few physiological responses, and they will stop before they get into these stronger reactions, then get rid of.

In my theory, depression is stuck in some physiological reactions because of running some bad programs, which are themselves programs, that is, depression is a problem with the psychological program.

Preprint Psychological Program

Duan Xian Xiang Thanks for your perspective on the subject matter. Cheers!!!

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

May want to check out this researcher's material: https://science.mcmaster.ca/pnb/andrews/

Helen Prinold Thanks for the useful link provided. Well appreciated!!!

Essam Fadel Alwan Al-Jumaily Thanks for the useful link Prof. Well appreciated!!!

Poor visual acuity, defined as difficulty discerning letters or numbers at a given distance, is associated with depression in middle-aged and older individuals, new research suggests.

Article Association of Visual Health With Depressive Symptoms and Br...

Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. it affects how the person feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007

Dr. Lamia Mustafa Al-Naama Thanks for your insightful contribution. Best regards!!!

Hi,

The main cause of depression is "negative ideas" that linger in the mind for a long time without being resolved.

The main effect observed is the loss of motivation and passion for every life details, but for a long period that exceeds 6 months.

Treating the cause will be much more effective than treating the effects (symptoms). So negative ideas should be replaced with other positive ideas. Of course with the help of a psychologist, an NLP coach..., and also with the daily positive affirmations.

KR

Tarek Moussaoui Thank for your insightful contribution. Best regards!!!