Is flooding a natural, man-made or hybrid disaster?

All disasters are human-made, so we please prefer to avoid the terms #NaturalDisaster #NaturalDisasters since #DisastersAreNotNatural #NoNaturalDisasters:

1. Book https://global.oup.com/academic/product/disaster-by-choice-9780198841357

2. Paper https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2019.100008

3. Commentary https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/disaster-choice/202005/does-nature-play-disaster-games

4. Blog https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/disaster-choice

5. Vlog https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlVyY1UAOnU&list=PLCuu5t_nsFKC5IbjnahIEoKHK8o2vegaZ

Earthquakes are not weather and not all droughts or floods are weather-related.

Suraj Kapoor

The authors say that the key drivers of flooding are heavy rainfall, tropical storms or surges and snow and ice melt. Dam breaks represented less than 2% of floods but had the highest increased incidence in terms of population exposed.

Floods: Research shows millions more at risk of flooding - BBC News

Manal Hadi Kanaan

Floods are the most frequent type of natural disaster and occur when an overflow of water submerges land that is usually dry. Floods can also have artificial sources. Many man-made floods are intentional and controlled.

https://www.who.int/health-topics/floods#:~:text=Floods%20are%20the%20most%20frequent,or%20tsunami%20in%20coastal%20areas.

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/flood/

Sobur Setiaman

Flooding can be categorized as a natural disaster, a man-made disaster, or a hybrid disaster, depending on the factors that contribute to the flooding event:

Natural Disaster: Flooding is primarily a natural disaster when it is caused by natural processes and events, such as heavy rainfall, snowmelt, storm surges, river overflow, or flash floods triggered by intense weather conditions. In such cases, human activities do not play a significant role in causing the flood, and it is primarily a result of natural forces.

Man-Made Disaster: Flooding can become a man-made disaster when human activities significantly contribute to or exacerbate the flooding event. This can happen in various ways, such as: Urbanization: Poor urban planning and inadequate stormwater management in urban areas can lead to increased surface runoff, which, in turn, can cause flash floods. Deforestation: The removal of forests and vegetation can reduce the land's ability to absorb and retain water, leading to increased runoff and higher flood risk. Dams and Levees: The construction and management of dams, levees, and reservoirs can sometimes lead to flooding if they are poorly designed, maintained, or managed. Land Use Changes: Alterations in land use, such as paving over wetlands or floodplains for development, can disrupt natural drainage patterns and increase flood risk. Infrastructure Failures: Flooding can occur due to the failure of infrastructure like levees, dams, or drainage systems.In these cases, human actions are a significant contributing factor to the flood, making it a man-made disaster.

Hybrid Disaster: Flooding can also be considered a hybrid disaster when both natural and human factors interact to create or worsen the flooding event. For example, a natural event like heavy rainfall might be the initial trigger, but it becomes a more severe disaster due to poor land management, deforestation, urbanization, or inadequate flood control measures.

In summary, flooding can be classified as a natural, man-made, or hybrid disaster, depending on the underlying causes and contributing factors. Regardless of the classification, effective flood risk reduction and management strategies often involve a combination of natural and engineering solutions, as well as improved land-use planning and disaster preparedness measures.

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