Hello Narendra Kumar Maurya
Pesticides can act directly or indirectly on DNA either through the parental compound/ metabolites or by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). The effect of pesticides on freshwater fish is time as well as dose dependent.
Freshwater fish are able to take up and retain different xenobiotics dissolved in water. Sub lethal concentrations of pesticides in aquatic environments cause structural and functional changes in aquatic organisms. Genotoxic effects on freshwater fish include the formation of morphological nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes. Nuclear abnormalities may include blebbed nuclei, lobed nuclei, notched nuclei and binucleated cells.
Pesticides may cause oxidative stress that may assault DNA resulting in clastogenic, molecular and morphological damage. Nuclear and morphological changes might also happen due to increase in production of reactive nitrogenous and oxygen species. The pesticides may bind to crucial enzymes in the mitochondrion leading to the generation of ROS acting on the plasma membrane causing lipid peroxidation, or directly on the DNA molecule, causing damage. DNA damage may include damage to the bases or causing breaks in the DNA strand.
You may want to refer to the article attached below for more information.
Article Chronic exposure to quinalphos shows biochemical changes and...
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