Could you provide a paper in which the concentration of Ti3+ states that are presumably responsible for the shift to the visible region, is quantified?
My colleague observed the Ti3+ and distinguished it from Ti4+ using XPS, you'll need to be very careful with the fitting; see DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.83.035410
As for quantification, remember that the atomic coefficients depend of the oxidation state, so you'll need to find a coefficient for each component of the peak.
The main limit, both for observing and quantifying with XPS is the detection threshold, which is typically around 1% if your data is excellent, so if you are looking for something much smaller than that --> XPS isn't the right tool for it.
I found a free version of the above paper here
http://202.154.59.182/mfile/files/Umum/JURNAL%20OXFORD/Atomic%20and%20electronic%20surface%20structures%20of%20dopants%20in%20oxides-%20STM%20and%20XPS%20of%20Nb-and%20La-doped%20SrTiO3%20(001).pdf
Thanks for the paper, Lior. Unfortunately, the author did not try to measure the Ti3+ states in it. Could you recommend a suitable alternative of XPS for measuring the Ti3+ states?
Lior, yes, you are. The percentages are for impurities. In addition, the peaks presumably corresponding to Ti3+ have been zoomed. How do I suppose to calculate the Ti3+ concentrations using the fig.1?
Now it is more clear that by measure you mean quantify. I addressed this in my original response as well. Good luck.
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