Here are a couple of useful links too ...
https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=health+effects+of+heavy+metals&hl=en&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart
https://engg.k-state.edu/chsr/files/chsr/outreach-resources/15HumanHealthEffectsofHeavyMetals.pdf
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/336875/WHO-HSE-PHE-EPE-11.01.07-eng.pdf
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.643972/full
After humans have been using lead for centuries, they realized it is dangerous to our health. Lesson learned.
Arsenic has limited usage, but we know it is also dangerous.
Thorium is rare and we would not be using it as it is radioactive.
As to arsenic, I recommend the following publications (and references therein) that give a state-of-the-art insight in our knowledge of the effects of arsenic on health:
Kumar, A., Rahman, M.S., Ali, M. et al. Assessment of disease burden in the arsenic exposed population of Chapar village of Samastipur district, Bihar, India, and related mitigation initiative. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 27443–27459 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18207-6
Mondal, D., Rahman, M.M., Suman, S., Sharma, P., Siddique, A.B., Rahman, M.A., Bari, A.S.M.F., Kumar, R., Bose, N., Singh, S.K., Ghosh, A., Polya, D.A., 2021. Arsenic exposure from food exceeds that from drinking water in endemic area of Bihar, India. Sci. Total Environ. 754 (2021), 142082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142082
Contact me if you cannot access the papers.
Sura Salim
You may check the literature review here especially arsenic exposure through water and food here; Article Arsenic in the water and agricultural crop production system...
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