Respected Colleagues,
The Electric potential and Field produced by an Atomic Nucleus is spherically symmetric.
But , except S - States, all others states are not spherically symmetric.
The probability density of p-states or d- states are not distributed equally over the surface . There is symmetry with Φ variation, but θ variation gives probability distribution dependent on θ.
Means spherically symmetric nature of electronic structure is broken .
Can this be explained with physical understanding ?
I request to discuss this point .
Regards and Thanks
N Das
Prof. Nityananda Das, this is an interesting and instructive question in Atomic Physics, and I guess a difficult one.
For an electron is in a central Coulomb field with respect to the nucleus it has three good quantum numbers: n, l, and ml.
n = 1 corresponds to 0 angular momentum value l and it has a spherically symmetric wave function. But there are also other states with l =0, that is, the 2s, 3s and so on "ns" states, please see the screenshot attached from reference [1]
For other non-ns states, all of them have a different from zero angular momentum (np, nd, nf) and also they all have angular dependence for the wave function.
Another point is, that each electron can be considered to be in a central Coulomb field around the nucleus for good QN n, and l.
If the non-central small part of the coulomb field is considered, and henceforth the symmetry is naturally broken, in that case, QN n and l won't be as good as in the previous situation.
Let see if someone joins this interesting discussion, thank you.
http://heritage.sai.msu.ru/ucheb/Zemcov/Part_3_Hydrogen/Chapter_16/Chapter_16.htm
[1] Course lectures on Atomic Physics by Zemtsov Yu and Bytchkov K 2005, in Russian.
Atomic Physics by Shpolsky, E Vol. I, II, 1974.
If you take a look at "pictures" of atoms from modern detectors, you will notice that there is no spherical symmetry at all. We can only conclude that the Quantum mechanic approach is superficial, treating only the associated wave and therefore inadequate for the study of the atom.
JES
There are many inconsistences in the accepted model of atomic structure. The big one is that an "orbit" or "orbital" (modeled with angular momentum) implies a continuous radiation emission in a stable atom which is not observed. This applies to the original Bohr model and to the quantum models attempting to sole this issue. Another issue is that observed energy states is largely the allowed states minus those not observed. The "those not observed" are a large number which, IMHO, introduces a question that reduced the observed states not as a model but is just data without a model.
My model solves these issues and offers a viewpoint on this question:
Article Magnetic Field Evolves to Gravity Field Part:4 Atomic Structure
Symmetric laws do not necessarily produce symmetric solutions to their symmetric equations. The classical law of gravitation as it applies to the sun and earth is spherically symmetric, yet the actual location of the earth with respect to the sun does not have spherical symmetry. The same principle applies to atomic nuclei and electrons for both classical and quantum laws!
Closed atomic shells are spherically symmetric. For open shells, electrons with nonzero orbital momentum form atomic bonds between atoms, which are apparently not spherically symmetric. When atoms collide at energies higher than binding energies, though, inner shells are most relevant, which are spherical. Hence, spherically symmetric interatomic potential may be a reasonable approximation.
Have a look at
Preprint How does the quantum structure of electromagnetic waves desc...
Kindly check http://electron6.phys.utk.edu/phys250/modules/module%202/spherically_symmetric_potentials.htm
Also check https://iopscience.iop.org/book/978-0-7503-1206-6/chapter/bk978-0-7503-1206-6ch7
The STOE avoid the single major problems of atomic structure (the idea of orbits and the emission of photons when electrons change energy levels).
Article Magnetic Field Evolves to Gravity Field Part:4 Atomic Structure
- Badges
- Science topic
- Similar topics
- Engineering
- Materials Engineering
- Powders