The topic is very large. Generally, more diverse the stand/culture is, better adaptation to changing environmental conditions is observed. From the genetical point of view, monocultures are very unfavorable because they cause a great reduction of the genetic richness of species within the stand. From the other side, monocultures gather in one area the chosen genotypes of trees with preselected features. There should be a balance kept between natural and semi-natural conditions of the tree growth.

The diversity of trees (and more plant species) fosters the diversity of more biota (above and below ground). A vast body of literature indicates that biologically diverse forests are more resilient and recover most successfully from disturbance. Under these circumstances the best management approach is/should be adaptive and focused on conserving the diversity that maintains forest's resilience and health. A major management effort, which requires often the use of chemicals is about the control of invasive plant species however, many studies begin to indicate that the chemical approach when used with animals grazing, and prescribed/controlled burns can produce the best results in constraining the growth and dispersion of invasive plants.

Replacing wood by non-wood (non- forest) resources in several industries may share to forest conservation and hence preservation of forest ecosystems. Examples are given in this research. Best wishes.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315427845_Agricultural_Residues_Wastes_for_Manufacture_of_Paper_Board_and_Miscellaneous_Products_Background_Overview_and_Future_Prospects

Dear Friends and Colleagues of RG

Many studies show that the most effective organic farming consists in cultivating forest stands in a formula referring to natural, complex, biologically multispecies ecosystems.

The ecological forestry formula based on the cultivation of many different species of trees and shrubs adjacent to each other, referring to the formation of a natural ecosystem, allows to eliminate chemical measures to protect forest spruce and shrubs and reduce biological fertilization.

Only the application of biologically neutral machines and technical devices to crops to correct the functioning of organic forest crops would allow the improvement of this formula and striving to achieve sustainable forestry.

Only the question of the legitimacy of using or possibly resigning from the creation of new, more resistant to various diseases and pests, new varieties of cultivated trees and shrubs through the use of genetics engineering would remain to be considered.

I invite you to the discussion

Best wishes

Dear Friends and Colleagues of RG

It is not about creation of new species of plants or animals through genetic manipulation techniques, but about breeding newer varieties of forest trees and shrubs that are more resistant to diseases and pests as a perfecting formula of cultivation referring to the natural ecosystem.

Cultivation of forest stands referring to the formula of the natural biological ecosystem should be improved by creating and introducing to these complex crops these new varieties of trees and shrubs in order to restore biological balance, which was previously significantly reduced through the widespread use of forest and forestry monoculture carried out under classic forestry.

In this way, it is possible to recreate sustainable forestry in the future in areas where classical monocultural forest crops were previously grown or in reclaimed areas.

Do you agree with me on the above matter?

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Best wishes

Yes, I also think that ecological forestry should be developed. Due to the increasing emission of greenhouse gases and the ongoing global warming process, afforestation is necessary and should be developed on a massive scale in all climate zones, wherever it is possible geographically and climate, including in post-industrial environments and in the urban agglomeration.

In the context of increasing greenhouse gas emissions, progressing climate change and more frequent weather anomalies and climate disasters, the area and number of landscape parks, wooded areas, city parks, etc. should be increased. However, apart from the mono-cultural forest cultivated for logging, the wooded areas should also be enlarged using the species biodiversity model of the forest ecosystem.

The above discussion inspired me to the following considerations:

When designing, planting and developing forested areas according to the species biodiversity model of the forest ecosystem, ecologically developed forests should be created towards the forest resembling natural forest forests characterized by a high level of species biodiversity and biological balance. In this type of biodiverse, ecological forest ecosystems, there are no plagues of infections with viral, bacterial or fungal diseases, and scouring pests appear in the form of insects attacking specific tree species.

The reason for the minimal loss of forest stand due to the very rarely occurring scourges of infections with viral, bacterial, fungal and harmful diseases is the high level of biological balance occurring in forest forests close to the condition and species structure to the natural biological forest ecosystems occurring in specific climate zones.

In this type of species-diversified forest ecosystems, the costs of forestry care for the maintenance of this type of forest stands are also lower because less chemical protection measures are applied to the stand. In this way, by developing species-rich forest ecosystems, ecological forest management develops, referring to the natural biological forest ecosystems present in specific climate zones.

I invite you to the discussion

Best wishes

As part of forest management, including the so-called In forest management, the principles of sustainable development should also be applied, which consist in increasing the scale of taking into account the issue of biodiversity of natural forest ecosystems referring to natural forests instead of forest monocultures, which were previously created as part of productive forest management. In the situation of forest management in accordance with the principles of sustainable forest management based on the concept of a biodiverse forest ecosystem, the risk of pest infestation and diseases of many trees caused by microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi) is much lower compared to monocultures of the stand. Therefore, the use of chemical tree protection products is also smaller, which translates into a lower level of environmental pollution.

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz