Scientists use empirical phenomena to prove the second law of thermodynamics, without relying on quantitative data.
For example, the phenomenon of heat conduction cannot prove the second law. Pay attention to the word 'phenomenon'. To prove the second law of heat conduction, it is necessary to use the second law to derive a quantitative thermal conductivity that is consistent with experiments under various conditions (high temperature, low temperature, macroscopic, microscopic, different temperature gradients). Only in this way can we say that heat conduction and heat dissipation support each other.
The rough empirical phenomenon of the rise and fall of the sun, moon, and stars in the east does not necessarily mean that the geocentric theory is correct, and requires precise positional data. The anomalous trajectory of Venus violates the geocentric theory.
The second law of thermodynamics is enthusiastic about empirical phenomena such as heat conduction, heat diffusion, and frictional heat generation. These phenomena do not quantitatively support the second law of thermodynamics.
Bo Miao , Scientists often describe the second law of thermodynamics through everyday empirical events rather than strict numerical data. For example, they indicate how heat always flows from a warm object in a cold, without external work, never upside down. Another general example is the natural proliferation of gas molecules in a container, showing how the systems move towards more disorders. Melting ice at room temperature suggests that spontaneous processes increase entropy. Similarly, once the perfume spreads in a room, it never spontaneously return to the bottle. These qualitative observation serve as an evidence with intuitive knowledge that natural processes are irreversible and always move towards increased entropy.
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