Regarding time-scale variation—whether by dilation, twin paradox age reduction, or GPS adjustments. The flaw in this view is that if an adjustment is required, it reflects an errored time reading, not an actual dilation of time itself. Time cannot be “dilated,” since it has a fixed and universal scale t. If one insists on a dilated form t′ > t, no physical clock could ever display such a quantity, because all clocks are constructed to measure proper time, not an imagined dilated scale.

Experimental studies with piezoelectric crystal oscillators demonstrate that external influences—such as motion, gravitational potential differences, or thermal effects—distort the oscillation wavelength. This distortion produces an errored time reading, not a change in time itself. The relationship is described by the equation:

T(x°) = x°/360°f = Δt,

where x° is the phase shift, f is the oscillator frequency, and Δt is the resulting time distortion. Since wavelength (λ) is proportional to period (T), any wavelength distortion directly corresponds to time distortion.

Therefore, what is being measured is not “time dilation” in the Einsteinian sense, but time distortion arising from external effects. Time itself remains standardized and invariant, as defined by international time standards, not by Einstein’s interpretation.

Best wishes,

Soumendra Nath Thakur