Otto, why do you persist to ignore that cosmic rays with energies similar and up to million times higher than LHC proton energies have bombarded the Earth, planets and stars during several billions years without creating the destructive black-holes that you imagine?

The cosmic ray argument is well known and has been used at length all over the history of nuclear and particle research for dismissing catastrophic outcomes of novel experimental setups, starting with Enrico Fermi with his first fission reactor, and later the more and more energetic nuclear bombs. The same argument is still valid for LHC protons, they are not new in nature.

Thank you, Kutand.

"Zwicky retrieved can save all life"

How is that ? Please explain HOW Zwicky is saving lives !

I am indebted to you for this question.

Zwicky found in 1929 that there is no cosmic expansion.

CERN is basing its experiment (the LHC) on the assumption that Hawking was right with his assumption of Hawking radiation existing and hence his Big Bang cosmology being consistent. So the officially hoped-for micro black holes to be produced at CERN would be harmless due to their rapid evaporation.

INFO: `CERN has taken a major step towards building a 100-kilometre circular supercollider to push the frontier of high-energy physics. The new machine would be colliding electrons with their antimatter partners, positrons, by the middle of the century. The design — to be built in an underground tunnel near CERN’s location near Geneva, Switzerland — will enable physicists to study the properties of the Higgs boson and, later, to host an even more-powerful machine that will collide protons and will last well into the second half of the century.`

Doomsday device?

No, dear Lev.

The new collisions planned carry no comparable danger since the high-energy collisions do here involve a much lower sum mass energy.

Otto, why do you persist to ignore that cosmic rays with energies similar and up to million times higher than LHC proton energies have bombarded the Earth, planets and stars during several billions years without creating the destructive black-holes that you imagine?

The cosmic ray argument is well known and has been used at length all over the history of nuclear and particle research for dismissing catastrophic outcomes of novel experimental setups, starting with Enrico Fermi with his first fission reactor, and later the more and more energetic nuclear bombs. The same argument is still valid for LHC protons, they are not new in nature.

There is a brilliant model of a non-expanding universe, which does not need any dark matter. In the centre of the galaxies there are huge rotating black holes.

Article A new paradigm for the universe

(the latest version is in arXiv: [v5] of 29-May-2019)

Dear Daniel:

Yes.

But you neglect center-of-mass collisions on a celestial body. They are a first in the universe, right?

Otto:

I gather that you have a simplified understanding how a cosmic ray proton interacts with a celestial body. A given high energy proton doesn't interact with the whole celestial body instantaneously as you suggest. As well understood and well documented since decades of research, cosmic rays interact in the upper earth atmosphere most of the time with a single nucleon in the nucleus of an atom in a molecule (N2, O2, CO2,...), or an atom (Ar, Ne, ...) . Then, as in a CERN accelerator, the cosmic ray proton quarks interact with the quarks of the hit nucleon, as the LHC protons do with other protons.

The products of the quark collisions consist of numerous different particles of lower energies which then interact with other air molecules producing a shower of secondary particles down to the ground. The initial energy/momentum is only gradually transfered to the whole celestial body over a timescale of second to hour, at the speed of sound.

The important point is that for each cosmic ray particle the first collision occurs at the highest energy/momentum in the rest frame of the nucleon pair. If any of these first highest energy collisions would produce catastrophic earth destroying effects they would have already occurred long ago.

Dear Daniel:

No objections to what you say.

I am only focusing on collisions of near-zero sum momentum in the frame of the earth.

The LHC protons never collide exactly along the same line, the beam cross with an angle at collision points, so the center of mass is never strictly zero wrt to earth.

Now this lateral speed reaches easily the gravitational field escape speed (11 km/s) : from the 14TeV available energy it suffices of only 1eV residual kinetic energy for a particle like a proton to reach 11 km/s.

Yes. But occasional head-on collisions are included - right?

No, never, as the beam-beam angle is non-zero.

If the angle is small, it is SOMETIMES zero -- right?

I have not the exact data about the LHC beam properties, but the angle is a matter of a couple of degrees (say ~10^-2 radian), while the respective energies or momenta are in ratio 1eV (to reach escape speed for a 1 GeV particle) to 10^13 eV for the beam. Since the transverse momenta are always directed in the same direction at a level of say 10^10 eV (10^-3 of the longitudial momentum), there is no way to reach 1 eV. In other words adding two numbers in the range 10^8 -10^11 will never give numbers of order 1.

Can you be a bit more specific with your interesting argument, dear Daniel?

Otto