Is anyone willing to share an experimental manipulation that manipulates population density and/or crowdedness? Specifically, I am interested in how population density influences interpersonal behavior.
Although not necessarily required, I would also like a manipulation with a comparable control or another condition that considers non-crowdedness.
Hello Mitch,
I wonder how you are defining crowdedness, but I'd like to share a list of articles that I got from one of my colleagues who studied the impacts of crowdedness manipulation on intergroup social interaction. There seems to be a couple of techniques available for inducing differential levels of perceived crowdedness, with the picture- and text-based manipulation being two of frequently employed methods in recent years.
1. Actual presence of others
Maeng, A., Tanner, R. J., & Soman, D. (2013). Conservative when crowded: Social crowding and consumer choice. Journal of Marketing Research, 50, 739–752. doi: 10.1509/jmr.12.0118.
2. Picture-based crowdedness priming
Maeng, A., & Tanner, R. J. (2013). Construing in a crowd: The effects of social crowding on mental construal. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 1044–1048. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2013.07.010.
O’Guinn, T. C., Tanner, R. J., & Maeng, A. (2015). Turning to space: Social density, social class, and the value of things in stores. Journal of Consumer Research, 42(2), 196-213.
3. Manipulation of room size
Evans, G. W. (1979). Behavioral and physiological consequences of crowding in humans. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9, 27–46.
4. Text-induced Imagination
Garcia, S. M., Weaver, K., Moskowitz, G. B., & Darley, J. M. (2002). Crowded minds: The implicit bystander effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 843–853. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.83.4.843.
Hellmann, J. H., Adelt, M. H., & Jucks, R. (2016). No space for others? On the increase of students’ self-focus when prodded to think about many others. Journal of Language and Social Psychology. doi: 10.1177/0261927X16629521
I hope this list helps you design the experiment!
Best,
Minwoo
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