Hello dear Jeph Daligdig ,

I have many non-idealities in my mind that I can mention (non-linearities, parasitic devices, temperature dependency, etc.). For an OpAmp, specifically, the non-idealities are numerous (offset, input impedance, output impedance, finite gain, bandwidth, slew rate, voltage swing limitations, etc.)

HOWEVER, what type of circuit(s) is the question addressing and how is the "total error" defined? Unless these are clarified, the researchers cannot provide the answers you are looking for.

(I can make a guess though: Is the question about Analog-to-Digital Converters? If so, what type of ADC?)

Best regards...

Hello Dear colleagues

i totally agree with what prof. Ali Zeki says. but could i make some additional points here.

all particular elements you that have mentioned could contribute of some types of performance degradation on electronic system that work on, for example simple practical resistor will cause thermal noise where capacitor could make increase the low cut off frequency .

therefore, you have to specify your circuit and what is important to your application. for example: if you are working on designing flash ADC, op amp off set could make a significant error. whereas, if you use op amp on optical communication system, the most important parameters you have to care about are noise, slew rate and band width limitation.

finally, in addition to circuit topology and elements parameters, you have also to take in consideration the power and frequency response the your application demand. However, there are many document on the internet can help you. especially, i recommend you the documents that supplied as part of Academic university program form respected electronic manufacture company such as Analog Device, National Instrument and Texas instrument

Best regards

Example: Active filters with opamp.

Here the selected filter topology determines the influence of opamps non-idealities (active sensitivity Sa). However, at the same time we have to consider the passive sensitivity Sp (influence of parts tolerences). And the problem is often: When Sa is low, Sp ist high and vice versa.

Hence, the selection of a suitable topology is always a trade-off between conflicting requirements.