Thermionic emission, central to the operation of cathode ray tubes (CRTs), involves the liberation of electrons from a heated cathode through material-specific energy thresholds—an interaction not governed by classical electromagnetic theory." It further explains that in CRTs, free electrons travel at subluminal speeds towards a phosphor-coated anode screen, where their impact produces visible light. The electron beam is dynamically deflected to scan the entire screen, creating moving images despite high frequencies. For example, in the PAL system, the horizontal scan frequency is 15,625 Hz. Despite these high frequencies, the electrons' speeds remain subluminal , which validates that the CRT's working principle is rooted in thermionic and electrostatic dynamics, not electromagnetic wave propagation

Deep Bhattacharjee

Pallab Nandi

The kinetic energy formulation in Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), expressed as:

KEᴇᴄᴍ = [ΔMᴍ⁽ᵈᴮ⁾ + ΔMᴍ⁽ᴾ⁾]c² = hf,

represents a significant departure from traditional Newtonian or relativistic frameworks. In conventional physics, kinetic energy is typically framed either as a function of velocity (½mv²) or as a relativistic correction (γmc² − mc²). These expressions, while successful within their respective domains, are scalar formulations that lack integration with the frequency properties of mass-energy transformations.

In contrast, ECM posits that mass undergoing motion (Mᴍ) undergoes a mass-displacement (ΔMᴍ) governed by frequency-domain transitions. The kinetic energy emerges not from mere spatial translation but from a redistribution of mass through dual-frequency excitations:

• One associated with de Broglie frequencies (fᵈᴮ) due to macroscopic translational motion.

• The other with Planck-scale frequencies (fᴾ) associated with microscopic, intrinsic excitations.

The coherence and necessity of combining these two components are empirically motivated. For example, in nuclear reactions (such as fission or fusion), the energy released is traditionally attributed to a change in mass (Δm) via Einstein’s identity E = Δmc². However, this scalar view cannot fully explain the structured frequency emission patterns—such as gamma-ray spectra—or the particulate by products (e.g., alpha, beta, and neutron emissions) observed across reactions.

By incorporating ΔMᴍ⁽ᵈᴮ⁾ and ΔMᴍ⁽ᴾ⁾, ECM explains such nuclear phenomena as frequency-governed transitions of the dynamic mass state. The dual-frequency formulation explains why both macroscopic momentum changes and microscopic quantum excitations contribute simultaneously to the observed kinetic energy release. This implies that kinetic energy is not simply “gained” by a particle—but is emergent from internal restructuring of mass-energy, modulated by a total frequency f = fᵈᴮ + fᴾ.

Moreover, ECM’s formulation brings renewed clarity to the luminal limit (v → c). At such thresholds, translational kinetic energy saturates, yet frequency-governed transformations may still proceed, particularly via ΔMᴍᴾ, allowing ECM to remain analytically valid even where classical or relativistic expressions fail. This supports the idea that mass-energy transformations near the speed of light involve intrinsic excitation of mass, rather than merely asymptotic velocity increases.

The implications extend beyond high-energy physics. Any process involving particle motion—be it thermionic emission, Compton scattering, or pair production—may be reinterpreted through the lens of ΔMᴍ-frequency redistribution, allowing kinetic energy to be visualized as a spectral property rather than a scalar quantity.

Finally, the ECM interpretation challenges the idea that mass is destroyed or converted during energetic processes. Instead, ECM proposes a redistribution scheme:

(Mᴍ − ΔMᴍ) + ΔMᴍ,

where ΔMᴍc² = hf. The first term corresponds to the residual dynamic mass, while the second encodes the frequency-governed energy displacement that manifests observably.

In sum, ECM’s kinetic energy formulation, grounded in dual-frequency mass displacement, provides a richer, multidomain understanding of mass-energy transitions. It offers a unified model applicable to both microscopic quantum events and macroscopic inertial motion, revealing kinetic energy as a composite frequency response rather than a fixed classical quantity.

Best regards,

Soumendra

Thank you sir.Thanks for the discussion