1- is it possible to have a multiple category of respondent (teachers,designer, and ministry staff)to build a model in qualitative research? and if there any references i can refer to ?
2- what dose triangulation mean in qualitative research? and what are the main type of it?
The original goal of triangulation was to compare multiple, independent sources of data to determine whether they pointed to similar results. This approach was popularized by Norman Denzin, who later shifted his interpretation of triangulation to mean creating greater richness in the data by using multiple sources -- see he called "Triangulation 2.0" (Denzin 2012).
I would recommend searching for the term "crystallization" in qualitative research for more information on the newer conceptualization of triangulation suggested by David L Morgan. You could look at work by Tracy (2010) and Ellingson (2009), for example.
I agree with Heather Douglas. The only time I can think of when you might approach something like a "model" in qualitative research would be in the use of grounded theory, which can involve analyzing qualitative data and gradually uncovering ways that conceptual categories might relate to one another.
Hi,
Let's met answer your questions in order:
1- is it possible to have a multiple category of respondent (teachers,designer, and ministry staff)to build a model in qualitative research? and if there any references i can refer to ?
- It depends on what you mean by "model". As Heather said, if you mean a model as a part of theory, which connects categories and sub-categories in order to describe, explain a phenomenon/problem, then you can refer to grounded theory methods. This approach helps you to build theories from your qualitative data.
- I suggest you to look at Strauss & Corbin 1990, "Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques" and their subsequent works for reference.
- Identifying multiple category of respondent is normal in design qualitative research. But you need to clarify clearly what role each category plays in your research agenda. To do so, you need to identify your unit of analysis - main source of your information. For instance, if your unit is teachers - as individuals, then, administrative staffs, school's policies, students, etc. can be classified as part of context of your main unit. But if your unit is a school as an institution/organization, then teachers, administrative staffs, students and policies are sub-units of such institution. When you have a clear classification of unit of analysis, then you will know what type of and how many respondents you need to involve in your research design. Please look at Yin https://books.google.com.vn/books?hl=en&lr=&id=FgSV0Y2FleYC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=yin+case+study+application&ots=42a3PmsgTk&sig=4rOdpNEwv2F1S83Agf8JpWmiIQc&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=yin%20case%20study%20application&f=false
- Final point, multiple categories of respondents do not guarantee you a model. Your research goals, methodological approach, data collection and data analysis strategies do.
2- what does triangulation mean in qualitative research? and what are the main type of it?
Please look at this discussion to see the meaning of triangulation and four types of triangulation:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_to_do_triangulation_method_to_verify_the_qualitative_data#view=5b5fedbf8b950010bf0fc8d2
Best,
I think that many forms of qualitative analysis can create models by linking together themes, so this kind of theory-building is not limited to Grounded Theory. Here is a link to an article I have written on this topic.
Article Themes, Theories, and Models
thanks , i really appropriate all your comments..
DR. David L Morgan, i am using the phenomenological approach, because i am depending on respondent experience according to creswell 2009, dose it proper to go with or do you have another Suggestion for me .
All qualitative research depends on the participants’ experiences. Phenomenology is a very specific form of qualitative research, and if you are referring to Creswell’s Five Traditions book, the coverage of phenomenonology in that book is unfortunately very weak.
I recommend concentrating on your research questions and the most effective methods to meet them. If you are going to do individual interviews then I suggest the book by Rubin and Rubin on Hearing Data.
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