I believe linguistics tend to get some translators or rather learn that particular language of interest so as to fit in a particular community and convey intended information.

Considero que se ha logrado a través de la difusión de las diversas culturas, las cuales son el reflejo de la lengua viva de las personas en cualquier lugar y en cualquier idioma, puesto que esa diversidad permite conocer e intercambiar saberes.

Language maintenance is the maintenance of a language (usually L1) despite the influence of external sociolinguistic forces (usually powerful language(s) and language shift, is a shift, transfer, replacement or language assimilation of usually L1 to L2 due mainly to the external sociolinguistic forces influencing a speech community to shift to a different language over time. This happens because speakers may perceived the new language as prestigious, stabilized, standardized over their L1 (lower-status). An example is the shift from first languages to second language(s) such as the English language.

Solution for language maintenance and protection from language shift rests on Social networks.

Social network deals with the relationships contracted with others, with the community structures and properties entailed in these relationships (Milroy, 1978,1980 &1987)

· It views social networks as a means of capturing the dynamics underlying speakers’ interactional behaviours and cultures.

The fundamental assumption is that people create their communities with meaningful framework in attaining stronger relationship for solving the problems of daily life.

Personal communities are constituted by interpersonal ties of different types, strengths, and structural relationships between links (varying in nature) but a stronger link can become the anchor to the network.

For close-knit network with strong ties

Such networks have the following characteristics, they are

• Relatively dense = everyone would know everyone else (developing a common behavior and culture)
• Multiplex = the actors would know one another in a range of capacities

Where do we find some close-knit networks? In smaller communities, but also in cities, because of cultural and economical diversity, e.g. newer emigrants communities, or High-educated individuals.

Functions:

Network with weak ties

These networks have the following characteristics, they are:

• Casual acquaintances between individuals
• Associated with socially and geographically mobile persons
• They often characterize the relations between groups

Lead to weakening of a close-knit network structure -> these are prone to change, innovations and influence between groups and may lead to language shift/language transfer/language/language replacement.

Dear Mr. Thariq!

Greetings and Regards,

You have shared an interesting and important question. Speakers of any language can find solutions when faced with the problem of losing their language while moving. Some solutions are related to the conditions, geography, and logical situations of the country. I do not know much about Indonesia and the linguistic context of the people of this archipelago. Therefore, I will not comment on the specific solutions of that region. But before, the solutions have a universal character.

For example, if the speakers of any language 1- get used to speaking in their mother tongue at home, 2- wherever they live, they are in constant contact with speakers of the same language, 3- stick to music, art and literature in their own language and from it. Don't stay away, 4- Institutionalize the interest in mother tongue in the family and among their children.

In Iran, Kurds are deprived of education in their mother tongue and education is only in one language (Persian). But a huge cultural movement has been established by Kurdish intellectuals, writers, teachers, students and cultural activists, which has made learning to read and write in Kurdish language outside the school a common habit.

Most of the writers, translators and religious leaders write in Kurdish and use Kurdish in their speeches despite the pressure from the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Kurdish people have taken over the cost of classes and courses to learn to read and write and familiarize themselves with Kurdish language and literature. These measures have made the risk of weakening and marginalization of the Kurdish language to its minimum.

I hope I have clarified my meaning for you.

With respect

Qader Fattah Ahmed

from

Kurdistan region)Iraq( from the Kurdish Department (Koye University)