I know this basic equation, but in the case of plastic particles, what physical quantity should I observe over time (change in the average volume of particles, change in mass, crystallinity index, etc.)?
Can you provide a literature reference regarding the use of changes over time in the parameters you mentioned, such as the degradation rate of plastics?
Be aware - "plastic" may be composed of up to 50% binder and plasticizer. Observing "degradation" as a physical process will largely be driven by disaggregation to small/micro particles of largely undegraded polymer as binder/plasticizer are metabolized. Dynamics of disaggregation of particles vs. mineralization need to be established to answer your question.
No equation is useful if the exp. parameters are not validated.