There are numerous rubrics used to evaluate things like critical thinking and problem solving. My suggestion is to take the learning goals around which a solid rubric has been formed and use that to create a question series. I actually recently did this myself as I am evaluating the student perceptions of the effectiveness of a scientific methods in business class in enhancing students understanding and ability to apply the scientific method as well as problem solving. Essentially, it is really simple to create a survey instrument to measure student perception around learning goals designed to measure problem solving.
For example, take the first step in the problem solving process which is to define a problem. This can be translated to perhaps a series of statements where you ask students to respond to the level of importance of the following on a five point scale where one equals very unimportant and 5 equals very important.
To anticipate potential problems in complex projects prior to the project starting.
To understand the contextual factors that may cause a problem.
To identify the core question that must be addressed to solve the problem.