example broadband source interferometer, surface profiler, microscope. If there is, may I know the experiment setup and how to measure the displacement when different values of voltages are applied?
Niels asks many good questions. I would add: At what speed does the actuator move? There are many application-specific sensors available. Sensing means range from resistive to magnetic to capacitive (to optical, as noted).
There is a large variety of position sensors that can be used for position feedback on linear or rotational actuators. For a list, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position_sensor.
There are many ways that could be used instead of visual-servoing like GPS positioning, ultra sound detection IMU sensors and etc. It depends on the resolution that you need in positioning the End effector.